Metabolic engineering of the astaxanthin-biosynthetic pathway of

Visser, Hans; Ooyen, A.J.J. van; Verdoes, J.C.

doi:10.1016/s1567-1356(03)00158-2

Cited by 127 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Subsequently, two cyclization reactions catalyzed by CrtYB result in the conversion of lycopene into ␥-carotene and finally into ␤-carotene. X. dendrorhous mutants with higher carotenoid production capacities have been obtained by chemical mutagenesis (1,7) or by recombinant DNA technology (35,39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Level Production of Beta-Carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Successive Transformation with Carotenogenic Genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Verwaal

Wang

Meijnen

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

330

303

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To determine whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae can serve as a host for efficient carotenoid and especially ␤-carotene production, carotenogenic genes from the carotenoid-producing yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous were introduced and overexpressed in S. cerevisiae. Because overexpression of these genes from an episomal expression vector resulted in unstable strains, the genes were integrated into genomic DNA to yield stable, carotenoid-producing S. cerevisiae cells. Furthermore, carotenoid production levels were higher in strains containing integrated carotenogenic genes. Overexpression of crtYB (which encodes a bifunctional phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase) and crtI (phytoene desaturase) from X. dendrorhous was sufficient to enable carotenoid production. Carotenoid production levels were increased by additional overexpression of a homologous geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase from S. cerevisiae that is encoded by BTS1. Combined overexpression of crtE (heterologous GGPP synthase) from X. dendrorhous with crtYB and crtI and introduction of an additional copy of a truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase gene (tHMG1) into carotenoid-producing cells resulted in a successive increase in carotenoid production levels. The strains mentioned produced high levels of intermediates of the carotenogenic pathway and comparable low levels of the preferred end product ␤-carotene, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. We finally succeeded in constructing an S. cerevisiae strain capable of producing high levels of ␤-carotene, up to 5.9 mg/g (dry weight), which was accomplished by the introduction of an additional copy of crtI and tHMG1 into carotenoid-producing yeast cells. This transformant is promising for further development toward the biotechnological production of ␤-carotene by S. cerevisiae.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Level Production of Beta-Carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Successive Transformation with Carotenogenic Genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Verwaal

Wang

Meijnen

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

330

303

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“…Extraction of β-carotene was performed according to a published protocol [Visser et al, 2005]. The vacuum-dried carotenoids were suspended in 1 ml of acetone and analyzed via HPLC, as described for β-carotene in dodecane.…”

Section: Impact Of Linoleic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Linoleic Acids on the Release of β-Carotene from Carotenoid-Producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae into Sunflower Oil

et al. 2013

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In situ extraction is important for highly productive and cost-efficient processes in industrial biotechnology, but it is difficult to establish for intracellularly accumulating carotenoids like β-carotene. In this study, the organic solvent used in aqueous-organic two-phase media exerted a strong effect on the release of β-carotene from recombinant yeast cells. The carotenoid-synthesizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YB/I/E was cultivated in two-liquid-phase media with 20% dodecane or 20% sunflower oil. Up to 0.6 µg/ml β-carotene was released into sunflower oil, but less than 0.1 µg/ml into dodecane, although biocompatibility and solubility of β-carotene is appropriate for both solvents. Addition of linoleic acid, the main component of sunflower oil, to the dodecane phase increased the amount of β-carotene released, indicating that linoleic acid is the component responsible for the β-carotene release into sunflower oil. These findings demonstrate that the effect of the organic solvent should be taken into consideration for further research on in situ extraction of carotenoids.

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“…The biosynthetic pathway for astaxanthin has been studied in yeast X. dendrorhous (the sexual state of P. rhodozyma) (Andrewes et al 1976;Ducrey-Sanpietro and Kula 1998;Verdoes et al 2003;Visser et al 2003). The conversion of common isoprenoid precursors into b-carotene is catalyzed by four enzymatic activities: (1) geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthase (encoded by the crtE gene), which converts farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate into GGPP; (2) phytoene synthase (encoded by the crtYB gene), which links two molecules of GGPP to form phytoene; (3) phytoene desaturase (encoded by the crtI gene), which introduces four double bonds in the phytoene molecule to yield lycopene, and (4) lycopene cyclase (encoded also by the crtYB gene), which sequentially converts the w acyclic ends of lycopene to b rings to form c-carotene and b-carotene (Martin et al 2008).…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The present perspective of astaxanthin with reference to biosynthesis and pharmacological importance

Goswami

Chaudhuri

Dutta

2010

World J Microbiol Biotechnol

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Astaxanthin is an important natural pigment, a diketo carotenoid that besides being a food ingredient has importance as a nutraceutical. Astaxanthin is a fat-soluble nutrient with a molecular weight of 596.8 Da (Dalton) and a molecular formula of C 40 H 52 O 4. It is water insoluble and lipophilic. Organisms that produce astaxanthin include the basidiomycetous yeast; Phaffia rhodozyma, the green alga; Haematococcus pluvialis and the Gram-negative bacteria; Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Paracoccus marcusii, P. carotinifaciens, Paracoccus sp. strain MBIC 01143, and P. haeundaensis. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and Haematococcus pluvialis, which are potential sources of astaxanthin. The antioxidant properties of astaxanthin are believed to have a key role in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Astaxanthin acts as a free-radical scavenger and an immunomodulator. It is a medicinal ingredient against degenerative diseases such as cancer, skin related illness, and heart disease. Presently, this carotenoid is used as a major pigmentation source and a feed supplement in aquaculture, primarily salmon, trout, crabs, shrimp, chickens, and red sea bream. The present review focuses on the pharmacological connotations of astaxanthin and specifies the natural sources and pathways of its production along with other relevant aspects.

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Metabolic engineering of the astaxanthin-biosynthetic pathway of

Cited by 127 publications

References 62 publications

High-Level Production of Beta-Carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Successive Transformation with Carotenogenic Genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

High-Level Production of Beta-Carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Successive Transformation with Carotenogenic Genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Effect of Linoleic Acids on the Release of β-Carotene from Carotenoid-Producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae into Sunflower Oil

The present perspective of astaxanthin with reference to biosynthesis and pharmacological importance

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