Metabolic fate of T-2 toxin in a lactating cow

Yoshizawa, Takumi; Mirocha, C. J.; Behrens, J C; Swanson, S. P.

doi:10.1016/0015-6264(81)90300-x

Cited by 109 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A study determined that 0.2% of the T-2 dose given to one Jersey cow was transmitted into the milk in the form of T-2, HT-2, NEO, 4-deacetylneosolaniol along with 4 more unknown metabolites, 3 of which accounted for 60 -70% of the total T-2 and metabolites excreted (Yoshizawa, Mirocha, Behrens & Swanson, 1981).…”

Section: Mycotoxin Carry-over Into the Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One type of fungi can produce more than one type of mycotoxins and more than one type of fungi could be present in the same substrate. In addition, mycotoxin metabolites could have similar or more toxic effects than the parent mycotoxin (Mirocha et al, 1981;Valimaa, Kivisto, Leskinen & Karp, 2010). The co-existence of different mycotoxins within one food product could affect their toxicity, showing additive or even synergistic effects.…”

Section: Multi-exposure and Co-occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

et al. 2015

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Mycotoxins can cause toxicity when ingested by humans and animals. Although the rumen is supposed to be a barrier against mycotoxins, some studies demonstrate that carry-over of mycotoxins to milk is possible. Different studies have found mycotoxin levels in animal milk, mainly related to contaminated feed for ruminants. Aflatoxin M1 is the most studied mycotoxin in milk and levels exceeding the EU maximum level for this mycotoxin in this matrix (0.050 μg/kg) have been found. Maximum levels in milk for other mycotoxins have not been established; however ochratoxin A, aflatoxins G1, G2, B1, B2 and M2, fumonisin B1, cyclopiazonic acid, zearalenone and its metabolites and deepoxydeoxynivalenol have also been found in milk samples. Taking into account that multi-exposure to mycotoxins is the most likely scenario and co-occurrence of mycotoxins could affect their toxicological effects in humans and animals, there is a need to determine the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in milk.

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Section: Mycotoxin Carry-over Into the Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Multi-exposure and Co-occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

et al. 2015

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“…DON is mostly biotransformed within the rumen and detected in milk as DON and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) [20][21][22], whereas T-2 has been detected in the milk without metabolization [23] and metabolized into HT-2, NEO, 4-deacetylneosolaniol, and 4 more unknown metabolites [24]. Metabolites could have different toxic effects than the parent mycotoxin [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 10 trichothecenes in ultra-high temperature processed cow milk

Flores-Flores

González-Peñas

2015

Journal of Chromatography A

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“…Xiong et al, 2015; T-2 toxin -e.g. Yoshizawa et al, 1981) or two mycotoxins (DON + ZEA -e.g. Winkler et al, 2014;Korosteleva et al, 2007).…”

Section: General Description Of Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical, physical and technological properties of milk as affected by the mycotoxin load of dairy herds

Křížová

Hanuš²,

Klimešová³

et al. 2016

Arch. Anim. Breed.

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Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the impacts of different levels of mycotoxin load of Czech dairy herds on the larger scale of the milk indicators including milk physical and technological properties. During three subsequent years individual milk samples (IMSs) were collected from four herds of Czech Fleckvieh (C) and from four herds of Holstein cows (H). The IMSs were collected regularly twice in summer and twice in winter, resulting in a total of 936 IMSs. The feeding rations consisted mainly of conserved roughage and supplemental mixtures according to milk yield and standard demands. Samples of feedstuffs were collected at the same time as IMSs and were analysed for content of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxin (AFL), and T-2 toxin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Based on the mycotoxin load, herds were divided into three groups -Load 1 (negligible, n = 36), Load 2 (low, n = 192), and Load 3 (medium, n = 708). All feedstuff samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin. The most frequently occurring mycotoxins were FUM, DON, and ZEA. Relatively high incidence of AFL (56 % positive samples) was observed. The following milk indicators were influenced by the mycotoxin load of herds: fat, acetone (Ac), log Ac, pH, electric conductivity, alcohol stability, curds quality, curd firmness, whey volume, whey protein, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), urea N in NPN, fat / crude protein ratio, and casein numbers on crude and true protein basis, respectively (P < 0.05). The overall level of mycotoxin load was relatively low, with no clear effect on milk characteristics.

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Metabolic fate of T-2 toxin in a lactating cow

Cited by 109 publications

References 17 publications

Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 10 trichothecenes in ultra-high temperature processed cow milk

Chemical, physical and technological properties of milk as affected by the mycotoxin load of dairy herds

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