“…GLP-1R was detected in mouse and human macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. 41–45 Studies have shown that GLP-1 and its receptor agonists not only inhibit the levels of total cells, neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, lymphocytes, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in mouse alveolar lavage fluid 46 but also mediate anti-inflammatory effects through stress-activated protein kinase (JNK) inhibition, signal transducer and activator of transcriptional activator protein 3 (STAT3) activation and cAMP/PKA/NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing the release of pro-inflammatory markers (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), MMP-2, MMP-9, ROS) and increasing the release of anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10, mannose receptor-1 (MRC-1), arginine-1 (Arg-1) release as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) mRNA and COX2 protein levels, 42 , 46 thereby achieving a reduced inflammatory response. GLP-1 reduced the number of CD3 + T lymphocytes, F4/80 + macrophages and CD11b + macrophages in the blood of obese and COPD mice and reduced the size of emphysema in mice.…”