Metabolic obesity phenotypes and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study from the RaNCD cohort study

Abstract

Background Investigating the effect of metabolic disorders on chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the presence or the absence of obesity is of great importance. This study aimed to examine the independent and joint relationships of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) with CKD. Methods The present study was performed on 9,762 participants from the baseline phase of the Ravansar non- communicable diseases (RaNCD) study. Thereafter, the CKD was estimated by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. All the included participants were categorized into the following four phenotypes: metabolically healthy non-overweight/obesity (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy non-overweight/obesity (MUNO), metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO). Finally, Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (ORs). Results The mean age of the included participants was 47.33 ± 8.27 years old, %48.16 (4,701) of whom were men. As well, 1,058(10.84%) participants had CKD (eGFR less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2). The overweight/obesity was not significantly associated with odds of CKD. The odds of CKD in male subjects with MetS was 1.48 times higher than non-MetS ones (95% CI: 1.10, 2.01). After adjusting the confounders, the odds of CKD were 1.54 times (95% CI: 1.12, 2.11) higher in the MUNO and 2.22 times (95% CI: 1.44, 3.41) higher in the MUO compared to MHNO phenotype in male subjects. The odds of CKD in the MUNO and MUO was 1.31 times (95% CI: 1.10, 1.60) and 1.23 times (95% CI: 1.01, 1.54) higher than MHNO phenotype in female subjects, respectively. Conclusion The odds of CKD were higher in MUNO and MUO phenotypes. Therefore, lifestyle modification is recommended to control normal weight and healthy metabolism.

Dietary Phytochemical Index in Relation to Metabolic Health Status, Serum Adropin, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Adults

“…Metabolic and lifestyle risk factors are the most common causes of NCDs. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of some NCDs, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, is higher in individuals with MUOW and MUNW phenotypes than in MHNW individuals [ 7 , 42 ]. Therefore, preventing shifting from a metabolically healthy status to MU status by dietary and lifestyle modifications can be beneficial in reducing the incidence of NCDs and correlated complications.…”

Obesity, Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure, and Left Ventricular Remodeling

“…The incidence of CKD rises when patients with BMI ≥ 30 develop metabolic abnormalities and progress from metabolically healthy to unhealthy obesity [169][170][171][172]. Obesity is an independent risk factor for ESRD with a relative risk of 3.57 when BMI is ≥30 and 7.07 when BMI is ≥40 compared to when BMI is ≤25 [173].…”

The Related Metabolic Diseases and Treatments of Obesity

“…In addition, obesity-associated local and systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, fibrogenesis, and gut microbiota dysbiosis are also associated with CKD development and progression [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Overweight and obese persons with metabolic disorders are more likely to develop CKD [ 23 ]. Thus, body weight control and a healthy diet are recommended for obese people.…”