“…Shallow trophoblast invasion is associated with poor remodeling of the spiral arteries and an increase in maternal blood pressure ( Burton and Jauniaux, 2018 ). PFAS, particularly PFOS ( Yu et al, 2023 ), are known to activate peroxisome proliferator active receptors (central regulators of trophoblast differentiation), leading to abnormal trophoblast invasion via placental ischemia, angiogenic factor imbalance, and, ultimately, endothelial dysfunction ( Fournier et al, 2007 ; Tsang et al, 2013 ).…”