Metabolic Profile of Scytalidium parasiticum-Ganoderma boninense Co-Cultures Revealed the Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Fatty Acids that Contribute to Anti-Ganoderma Activity

Abstract

In solving the issue of basal stem rot diseases caused by Ganoderma, an investigation of Scytalidium parasiticum as a biological control agent that suppresses Ganoderma infection has gained our interest, as it is more environmentally friendly. Recently, the fungal co-cultivation has emerged as a promising method to discover novel antimicrobial metabolites. In this study, an established technique of co-culturing Scytalidium parasiticum and Ganoderma boninense was applied to produce and induce metabolites that have antifungal activity against G. boninense. The crude extract from the co-culture media was applied to a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) preparative column to isolate the bioactive compounds, which were tested against G. boninense. The fractions that showed inhibition against G. boninense were sent for a Liquid Chromatography-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis to further identify the compounds that were responsible for the microbicidal activity. Interestingly, we found that eudistomin I, naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside and penipanoid A, which were present in different abundances in all the active fractions, except in the control, could be the antimicrobial metabolites. In addition, the abundance of fatty acids, such as oleic acid and stearamide in the active fraction, also enhanced the antimicrobial activity. This comprehensive metabolomics study could be used as the basis for isolating biocontrol compounds to be applied in oil palm fields to combat a Ganoderma infection.

Growth modulation and metabolic responses of Ganoderma boninense to salicylic acid stress

“…Similarly, D-phenylalanine L-valine, Lleucine, dimethyl fumarate and glutamate, which could be secondary products from amino acid content of potato infusion in the PDA medium, were also depleted in the Ganodermainoculated plates. Similar to our results, Ahmad et al (2020) [81] reported the depletion of glucose, tryptophan, tryptamine and aconitate, in the co-culture medium of G. boninense and Scytalidium parasiticum. Together, these imply the utilization of these sugars and nitrogen sources for the fungal growth.…”

“…At least four metabolic pathways were involved in the growth of G. boninense, as deduced from metabolite compositions in Ganoderma-inoculated plates (G0 and G200) compared with their corresponding controls (C0 and C200). Ganoderma boninense utilised the nutrients in PDA, i.e., amino acids and sugars, to synthesize more complex compounds, such as aromatic amino acids, oligopeptides, alkaloids and antimicrobial compounds (Table 1) [81]. The pathways include amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, A number of metabolites were detected in higher abundance in control groups (C0 and C200) compared to Ganoderma-inoculated plates (G0 and G200).…”

“…This is not surprising as Ganoderma species, particularly G. lucidum, is well-known for its richness in bioactive components and medicinal values [82]. In a recent study, eudistomin was also detected in co-culture medium of G. boninense and S. parasiticum [81]. It is therefore logical to deduce the constitutive secretion of eudistomin by G. boninense, judging from the negligible antifungal effect of eudistomin on the growth of G. boninense [81].…”

Improvement of the Biosynthesis of Resveratrol in Endophytic Fungus (Alternaria sp. MG1) by the Synergistic Effect of UV Light and Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins

“…Eudistomin I is a B-carboline alkaloid, and its synthesis begins with tryptamine as a starting material. Rafidaf et al (2020) found that the tryptamine that was detected in the control group was used up by the co-culture fungi and involved in the biosynthetic pathway to produce eudistomin I, which explains why tryptamine was not detected in the treatment group. In addition, three O-glycosylated isomers of naringenin dropped, with two of these reaching non detectable levels in okara fermented with co-culture strains of lactic acid bacteria ( Jasmine et al, 2021 ).…”

OIL PALM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA AND R&D PROGRESS IN 2020

“…Frying of potato chips depicted by the increase in oil temperature and frying interval have significantly enhanced the development of 3-MCPDE but displayed a declining trend in GE content over frying time . The inclusion of external antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tocopherol in baked cakes have shown the ability to retard 3-MCPDE and GE formation while rosemary extract was demonstrated to be the most effective in minimising the presence of these compounds (Goh et al, 2020).…”