Metabolic Profiling of a Porcine Combat Trauma-Injury Model Using NMR and Multi-Mode LC-MS Metabolomics—A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Profiles of combat injuries worldwide have shown that penetrating trauma is one of the most common injuries sustained during battle. This is usually accompanied by severe bleeding or hemorrhage. If the soldier does not bleed to death, he may eventually succumb to complications arising from trauma hemorrhagic shock (THS). THS occurs when there is a deficiency of oxygen reaching the organs due to excessive blood loss. It can trigger massive metabolic derangements and an overwhelming inflammatory response, which can subsequently lead to the failure of organs and possibly death. A better understanding of the acute metabolic changes occurring after THS can help in the development of interventional strategies, as well as lead to the identification of potential biomarkers for rapid diagnosis of hemorrhagic shock and organ failure. In this preliminary study, a metabolomic approach using the complementary platforms of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to determine the metabolic changes occurring in a porcine model of combat trauma injury comprising of penetrating trauma to a limb with hemorrhagic shock. Several metabolites associated with the acute-phase reaction, inflammation, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and possible renal dysfunction were identified to be significantly changed after a thirty-minute shock period.

Occult hypoperfusion and changes of systemic lipid levels after severe trauma: an analysis in a standardized porcine polytrauma model

“…Another limitation is that animals were observed only until the 6 h after trauma. Further physiological changes are known to occur after this end point [ 28 ]. Additionally, further investigations were desirable to elucidate the mechanisms of changes in circulating lipids after trauma and resuscitation.…”

“…Previous studies indicate that lipids may contribute to the systemic physiological process during resuscitation and recovery after trauma [ 28 , 29 ]. We made a hypothesis that changes in circulating lipids are associated with responsiveness to resuscitation, and lipids have a potential to be biomarkers for detecting occult hypoperfusion.…”

Comparison of chemical constituents of Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum and Bupleurum chinense DC. using UHPLC–Q‐TOF–MS based on a metabonomics approach

“…LC–MS has high sensitivity and separation degrees and can be used for trace analysis of metabolites. Moreover, the separation time is short and the amount of reagent required is small (Kim et al, 2020; Laserna et al, 2020; Li et al, 2020; Mo et al, 2020; Qin et al, 2012). Depending on the different column efficiencies of the front‐end LC, LC–MS can be divided into high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC).…”