Metabolic Profiling of Buddleia indica Leaves using LC/MS and Evidence of their Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity Using Different In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models

Abstract

LC-ESI-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry profiling of a methanol extract from Buddleia indica (BIM) leaves revealed 12 main peaks in which verbascoside and buddlenoid B represent the major compounds. The antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of BIM were investigated using different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. BIM exhibited substantial in vitro antioxidant properties in DPPH· and HepG2 assays. Regarding CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model, oxidative stress markers became significantly ameliorated after oral administration of BIM. Lipid peroxide levels showed a 51.85% decline relative to CCl4-treated rats. Super oxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS), and catalase (CAT) revealed a marked increase by 132.48%, 187.18%, and 114.94% relative to the CCl4 group. In a tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity model, BIM showed a considerable alleviation in liver stress markers manifested by a 46.06% and 40% decline in ALT (Alanine Transaminase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase) respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were reduced by 28.57% and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level by 50%. A virtual screening of major secondary metabolites of BIM to TNF-alpha employing the C-docker protocol showed that gmelinoside H caused the most potent TNF- α inhibition as indicated from their high fitting scores. Thus, BIM exhibited a potent hepatoprotective activity owing to its richness in antioxidant metabolites.

Phytoconstituents, In Vitro Anti-Infective Activity of Buddleja indica Lam., and In Silico Evaluation of its SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitory Potential

“…leaves is illustrated in Figure 1 . It is noteworthy to mention that p -hydroxybenzoic acid, buddlenoid B, 2′-O-benzoyl aucubin, buddlejoside A, kaempferol-7-O- α -L-rhamnopyranoside, 6-acetylaucubin, gmelinoside F and gmelinoside H, isorhamnetin 7-O- α -L-rhamnopyranoside, catalpol 6-O-[4-methoxy-E-cinnamoyl-(3)-α- l -rhamnopyranoside, and acacetin-7-galactoside were previously determined by the authors from the plant extract using LC-ESI-MS ( Youssef et al, 2019 ).…”

“…The Buddleja genus is known for possessing several biological activities represented mainly by antiviral, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antioxidant, immunosuppressive, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. This is undoubtedly owing to its richness with various secondary metabolites exemplified mainly by phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and iridoid glucosides ( Youssef et al, 2018 ; Youssef et al, 2019 ).…”

“…In spite of the popularity of the Buddleja genus in many medicinal uses, nothing was found in the literature concerning the biological activity or the phytoconstituents of B. indica Lam. except for its antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential ( Youssef et al, 2019 ). It is noteworthy to mention that many members of the Buddleja genus were traditionally used as topical antiseptics without any scientific consolidation.…”

Phytochemical composition and biological activity of Neurada procumbens L. growing in southern Algeria

“…Meanwhile, full scan mode was adjusted in mass range of m/z 100–2,000. The spectra were interpreted using Masslynx 4.1 software and compounds were tentatively identified via comparing its retention time and mass spectrum with what previously reported in literature (El Bishbishy, Gad, & Aborehab, 2020; Thabet et al., 2018; Youssef et al., 2019).…”

“…Its water extract increased the blood pressure in mice. Chemical constituents were represented by one study only and showed that this plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and terpenes, volatile oils and tannins, and revealed hypertensive effect of its ethanol extract, and thus, cardiovascular patients must be cautious while using this plant (Youssef, Ashour, El-Beshbishy, Singab, & Wink, 2019). It was also used by humans and animals in Pakistan for the treatment of stroke meanwhile its dried star-shaped fruits may be used with rose water in summer as a cooling agent and with dried nuts in the winter as a nerve stimulant (Xu, Liu, Li, Li, & Yang, 2011).…”