Metabolic ROS Signaling: To Immunity and Beyond

Abstract

Metabolism is a critical determinant of immune cell functionality. Immunometabolism, by definition, is a multidisciplinary area of immunology research that integrates the knowledge of energy transduction mechanisms and biochemical pathways. An important concept in the field is metabolic switch, a transition of immune cells upon activation to preferential utilization of select catabolic pathways for their energy needs. Mitochondria are not inert in this process and contribute to the metabolic adaptation by different mechanisms which include increasing ATP production to match dynamic bioenergetic demands and serving as a signaling platform. The latter involves generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), one of the most intensively studied mitochondrial processes. While the role of mitochondrial ROS in the context of oxidative stress is well established, ROS signaling in immunity is an emerging and quickly changing field. In this review, we discuss ROS signaling and immunometabolism concepts from the standpoint of bioenergetics. We also provide a critical insight into the methodology for ROS assessment, outlining current challenges in the field. Finally, based on our analysis of the literature data, we hypothesize that regulatory ROS production, as opposed to oxidative stress, is controlled by mitochondrial biogenesis rather than metabolic switches.

Current Knowledge on the Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Antimicrobial Properties of Metal-Based Nanoparticles

“…This probe relies on two cellular catalytic activities that are prerequisite for its reactivity with hydrogen peroxide. Some clinical studies also demonstrated the bactericidal effects of ROS in clinical trials of wounds and in the reduction of biofilm during respiratory infections, but the story is far from over [92,[94][95][96]. It will be interesting to develop future ROS-based strategies as clinical therapies for microbial infections.…”

“…Physiologic ROS production is involved in several essential signaling functions targeting prokaryote and eukaryote cells. ROS remain a key signaling molecules in redox homeostasis, which regulates cell growth, cell death (necrosis and apoptosis), survival, and mitochondrial metabolism [96]. Mitochondria-derived ROS are involved in the activation of AMP protein kinases, which are implicated in several cancer signaling pathways [97].…”

The Role of Taurine in Mitochondria Health: More Than Just an Antioxidant

“…Under normal conditions, 2% of electrons are diverted to reduce molecular oxygen to produce a superoxide [ 42 ]. Physiologically, ROS has been shown to regulate various crucial cellular processes, such as cellular differentiation [ 45 , 46 ], autophagy [ 47 , 48 ], metabolic adaptation [ 49 , 50 ] and immune cell activation [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Pathologically, ROS has often been shown to cause harm to cells, which are described as follow.…”

Functional state of mitochondria in chronic respiratory diseases

“…МтАФК принимают участие во многих клеточных процессах, в том числе в клеточном цикле, авто-и митофагии, биогенезе митохондрий, а также в регуляции функционирования различных белков: ATF4, NF-kB, митоген-активируемых киназ, внеклеточных сигнал-регулируемых киназ, c-Jun N-терминальных киназ, тирозинфосфатазы и др. [13][14][15]. Кроме регуляторной роли мтАФК выполняют проапоптотические функции, а также участвуют в других, повреждающих клетку, активностях, которые индуцируются нарушением функционирования митохондрий, и могут возникать при различных патологических состояниях [13].…”

“…[13][14][15]. Кроме регуляторной роли мтАФК выполняют проапоптотические функции, а также участвуют в других, повреждающих клетку, активностях, которые индуцируются нарушением функционирования митохондрий, и могут возникать при различных патологических состояниях [13]. Повышение уровня мтАФК может инициировать процессы, влияющие на функцию и целостность митохондрий [6].…”