Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies

Abstract

SummaryObesity is reaching epidemic proportions with recent worldwide figures estimated at 1.4 billion and rising year-on-year. Obesity affects all socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicities and is a pre-requisite for metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors, such as central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension that together culminate in the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. As these conditions are among the leading causes of deaths worldwide and metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus fivefold and cardiovascular disease threefold, it is of critical importance that a precise definition is agreed upon by all interested parties. Also of particular interest is the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Metabolic syndrome has been associated with a plethora of cancers including breast, pancreatic, colon and liver cancer. Furthermore, each individual risk factor for metabolic syndrome has also an association with cancer. Our review collates internationally generated information on metabolic syndrome, its many definitions and its associations with life-threatening conditions including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, providing a foundation for future advancements on this topic.

The link between chronic spontaneous urticaria and metabolic syndrome

“…In particular, this syndrome has been found to cause a 5-fold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 2-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease over the next 5 to 10 years (11). Among the various definitions of MS, the most widely accepted and used are those developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), the National Cholesterol Education Program-Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATPIII), the American Association for Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (12,13). Insulin resistance is a required criterion for diagnosis in the WHO definition.…”

Reproductive alterations in hyperinsulinemic but normoandrogenic MSG obese female rats

“…Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have escalating prevalence worldwide and have reached an epidemic proportion, affecting the world population regardless of ethnicity or Human Development Index (O'Neill & O'Driscoll 2015). The latest consensus defines MetS as the presence of three of the five metabolic dysfunctions: obesity/central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipi demia mainly as hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and fasting hyperglycemia (Alberti et al 2009).…”

Relación entre litiasis biliar o colecistectomía con el síndrome metabólico en pacientes del hospital II - EsSalud, Huánuco 2014

“…Estudios poblacionales previos muestran que más de un tercio de los adultos y un número cada vez mayor de niños presentan el diagnóstico de SM en los Estados Unidos; asimismo, se le considera una epidemia en los países en desarrollo (1,2) . Se considera al SM como un grupo de trastornos que incluyen obesidad abdominal, dislipidemia, hipertensión y tolerancia alterada a la glucosa (3) , por ello, esta condición se ha asociado con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad renal crónica, y enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (4) .…”