Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Impairment among High Socioeconomic, Nondemented Older US Adults

Abstract

OBJECTIVES Nondemented cognitive impairment (CI) presents opportunities for early interventions among individuals at risk for dementia. Identification of modifiable determinants is paramount to the development of effective clinical interventions. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was theorized as a risk factor, but current research yields inconsistent findings. Few studies have examined the association between MetS and CI among US populations, and global results may be ungeneralizable. We investigated the MetS‐CI association among high socioeconomic, nondemented older US adults, examining the roles of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and genetic factors. DESIGN Cross‐sectional. SETTING Cooper Clinic of Dallas, Texas: Cooper Center Longitudinal Study (2009‐2017). PARTICIPANTS A total of 5200 dementia‐free older adult Cooper Clinic patients. MEASUREMENTS CI was detected with a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score lower than 26. MetS was established based on National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines. Unadjusted and multivariable log‐binomial regression were used to assess the MetS‐CI association, with modification assessment by age, sex, education, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and apolipoprotein‐ε4 carrier status (APOE‐ε4). RESULTS MetS was not associated with CI when adjusting for age, sex, minority status, education, and marital status (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval = .97‐1.23) or when additionally adjusting for body mass index, CRF, alcohol consumption, current smoking status, and APOE‐ε4 (PR = 1.07; 95% confidence interval = .80‐1.45). The association was not modified by age, sex, CRF, or APOE‐ε4 (P for interaction >.05). CONCLUSION In contrast with some global and US studies, MetS and CI were not associated among our study population of nondemented older US adults. MetS may not be a suitable intervention target for poor cognitive outcomes among high socioeconomic older US adults, although separate MetS components may have different recommendations. Future studies should explore more diverse older US populations. If replicated, these findings would inform clinical efforts to reduce the burden of poor cognitive outcomes in the United States.

The Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Impairment in Jidong of China: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…[24] Age and abdominal obesity were signi cant risk factors for cognitive decline. [16] Studies have failed to show any association between Mets and cognitive impairment; [14,25] however, most studies have shown that participants with metabolic syndrome are associated with increased odds of cognitive impairment, [12,20,24,26,27] which is consistent with our results. Although most studies have shown that Mets and its components play roles in cognitive decline, other studies have suggested that late-life Mets has a protective effect on cognitive function.…”

“…A recent study using a rat model of Mets found that high fructose intake resulted in disrupted insulin signaling in the brain [13] . However, previous studies reported that there was no association between Mets and cognitive impairment among older US adults [14] . In addition, a previous longitudinal study showed that metabolic syndrome was a protective factor for cognitive function decline [12,15,16] .…”

The unity of pathogenetic peculiarities of metabolic syndrome and periodontal diseases (the review of literature)

“…Частота появи МС продовжує зростати і становить близько 20-40%, досягаючи в групі середнього і старшого віку 40-50%. Таке захворювання трапляється як у чоловіків, так і в жінок [9,10]. Однак його частота зростає в жінок у менопаузальному періоді.…”

“…Частота МС у американських індіанців племені Піма, за даними експертів ВООЗ, була найбільш високою: 58% у жінок і 44% чоловіків. Ураженість МС серед жінок зростає більш швидкими темпами, ніж серед чоловіків, особливо в старших вікових групах [10,21].…”

Study of physicochemical properties of oral fluid in persons with periodontal disease on the background of metabolic syndrome

“…Метаболічний синдром супроводжується абдомінальним ожирінням, гіперглікемією, підвищеним кров'яним тиском і дисліпідемією, має тісну кореляцію з розвитком серцево-судинних захворювань, цукрового діабету другого типу і призводить до патологічних змін практично в усіх органах і тканинах організму, у тому числі в ротовій порожнині [3,4,10,11,13].…”