Metabolic Syndrome-Related Kidney Injury: A Review and Update

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes visceral obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The prevalence of MetS is 20-25%, which is an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). MetS causes effects on renal pathophysiology, including glomerular hyperfiltration, RAAS, microalbuminuria, profibrotic factors and podocyte injury. This review compares several criteria of MetS and analyzes their differences. MetS and the pathogenesis of CKD includes insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. The intervention of MetS-related renal damage is the focus of this article and includes controlling body weight, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, requiring all components to meet the criteria. In addition, interventions such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, gut microbiota, body metabolism, appetite inhibition, podocyte apoptosis, and mesenchymal stem cells are reviewed.

Cost-effectiveness of behavioural counselling intervention compared with non-intervention for adult patients with metabolic syndrome to prevent cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in Japan: a microsimulation modelling study

“…Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterised by a combination of the following disorders: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia and/or high blood glucose; these disorders increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) 1 2. MetS is also associated with an elevated risk of cancer and chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3 4. Worldwide, several definitions of MetS prevail, with the two most popular coming from the National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III5 and the International Diabetes Federation 6.…”

Advances of berberine against metabolic syndrome-associated kidney disease: Regarding effect and mechanism

“…To our knowledge, MetS-associated kidney injury was first recorded by a Chinese physician in 2002 ( Yun-Kai et al, 2002 ). Interventions for MetS-associated kidney disease include weight loss, lowering hypertension, glucose control, lifestyle improvement, lipid adjustment, Chinese herbal medicines, probiotics, and stem cell therapy ( Lin et al, 2022 ). These therapies are aimed at different components of MetS, resulting in the prescription of many medications for patients with MetS.…”

Relation between erythropoietin resistance and metabolic syndrome in hemodialysis patients: A multicentric propensity score matched analysis

“…15 MetS has been linked to multiple renal pathophysiological changes including podocyte injury, microalbuminuria, and glomerular hyperfiltration. 16 In HD patients, MetS was reported in up to 50% of patients 17 and is associated with poor outcomes. 18,19 Interestingly, some factors involved in EPO resistance are related to MetS as well.…”