Metabolic Syndrome Variables at Low Levels in Childhood Are Beneficially Associated With Adulthood Cardiovascular Risk

Chen, Wei; Srinivasan, Sathanur R.; Li, Shengxu; Xu, Jihua; Berenson, Gerald S.

doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.126

Cited by 149 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Such risk factors are usually found in constellation with obesity and insulin resistance underlying conditions of hypertension, thrombosis and dyslipidaemia among others. 53 Furthermore, the constellation of metabolic syndrome variables at low levels in childhood is associated with a lower measure of cardiovascular risk in adulthood. 54 Kemper 55 has shown that less intake of salt reduces the BP level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk factors for elevated blood pressure and how to address cardiovascular risk factors: a review in paediatric populations

Monyeki

Kemper²

2008

J Hum Hypertens

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This paper examines the epidemiology of hypertension and management strategies of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in paediatric populations in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world in the 21st century. A computerized literature search was carried out using Medline, Evidence-Based Child Health (A Cochrane Review Journal), the Cochrane Library and Cochrane Child Health Field. A manual search in the African Journal for physical, health education, recreation and dance, the South African Journal for Research in Sports, Physical Education and Recreation and a few individuals in the area were requested to send some of their recent unpublished and published reports in the field.High prevalence rates and high odds ratios for high blood pressure (BP) were recorded in children aged 5-17 years. There is a need for health ministries to improve the public health sector so as to close the gap between the rich and the poor. Although personal and parental responsibility remain crucial, it also falls on the government to help control powerful environmental factors that are leading our children to premature ill-health and mortality. Equally, health professionals are increasingly recognized that they have a significant role to play in delivering medical treatment of hypertension in children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk factors for elevated blood pressure and how to address cardiovascular risk factors: a review in paediatric populations

Monyeki

Kemper²

2008

J Hum Hypertens

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“…Looking at the current pediatric literature on the MS, it is difficult to find long-term epidemiological studies that have all the required information, and the maximum duration of follow-up is not long enough. 61,62 Only Rodriguez-Moran and co-workers 25 looked at the genetic background derived from the children's family history (i.e., phenotype and genotype). Knowledge of the presence of obesity-related diseases in the family is as important for the estimation of cardiovascular risk as the evidence of metabolic abnormalities.…”

Section: Major Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic risk-factor clustering estimation in children: to draw a line across pediatric metabolic syndrome

et al. 2007

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Background: The diagnostic criteria of the metabolic syndrome (MS) have been applied in studies of obese adults to estimate the metabolic risk-associated with obesity, even though no general consensus exists concerning its definition and clinical value. We reviewed the current literature on the MS, focusing on those studies that used the MS diagnostic criteria to analyze children, and we observed extreme heterogeneity for the sets of variables and cutoff values chosen. Objectives: To discuss concerns regarding the use of the existing definition of the MS (as defined in adults) in children and adolescents, analyzing the scientific evidence needed to detect a clustering of cardiovascular risk-factors. Finally, we propose a new methodological approach for estimating metabolic risk-factor clustering in children and adolescents. Results: Major concerns were the lack of information on the background derived from a child's family and personal history; the lack of consensus on insulin levels, lipid parameters, markers of inflammation or steato-hepatitis; the lack of an additive relevant effect of the MS definition to obesity per se. We propose the adoption of 10 evidence-based items from which to quantify metabolic risk-factor clustering, collected in a multilevel Metabolic Individual Risk-factor And CLustering Estimation (MIRACLE) approach, and thus avoiding the use of the current MS term in children. Conclusion: Pediatricians should consider a novel and specific approach to assessing children/adolescents and should not simply derive or adapt definitions from adults. Evaluation of insulin and lipid levels should be included only when specific references for the relation of age, gender, pubertal status and ethnic origin to health risk become available. This new approach could be useful for improving the overall quality of patient evaluation and for optimizing the use of the limited resources available facing to the obesity epidemic.

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“…1,2 Patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in populations are not static over time and they are associated with changes in the pattern of cardiovascular disease. 3,4 Overweight in adolescents has become a major public health concern in the United States and throughout the world. 5,6 Fewer data are available on blood pressure trends in youth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in body mass index, blood pressure and parental smoking habits in middle socio-economic level Turkish adolescents

et al. 2007

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Patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in populations are not static over time. We examined trends in body mass index (BMI), parental smoking and blood pressure over a 15-year period in Turkish children aged 15-17 years. Two cross-sectional studies were performed in secondary schools in Turkey in 1989-1990 and 2004-2005. Study participants were 673 children in 1989-1990 and 640 adolescents in 2004-2005. Main outcome measures were weight, height, BMI, presence and amount of parental smoking, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Age and sex matched comparisons were performed to assess temporal trends in these measures. Children in 2004-2005 had increased weight, height, BMI and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all age groups compared with children in [1989][1990]. According to the international criteria, 3.4% of children were obese and 15.8% were overweight in 2005, compared to 0.7% obese and 4.2% overweight in 1990 (Po0.001). However, a decrease was noted in blood pressure; 16% were classified as hypertensive in 1989 -1990 versus 8% in 2004. The prevalence and amount of parental smoking also decreased over the last 15 years. We observed significant changes in BMI and blood pressure in Turkish children over the last 15 years. Temporal trends in these parameters may indicate a change in the pattern of cardiovascular disease in this population.

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Metabolic Syndrome Variables at Low Levels in Childhood Are Beneficially Associated With Adulthood Cardiovascular Risk

Cited by 149 publications

References 38 publications

The risk factors for elevated blood pressure and how to address cardiovascular risk factors: a review in paediatric populations

The risk factors for elevated blood pressure and how to address cardiovascular risk factors: a review in paediatric populations

Metabolic risk-factor clustering estimation in children: to draw a line across pediatric metabolic syndrome

Trends in body mass index, blood pressure and parental smoking habits in middle socio-economic level Turkish adolescents

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