Metabolism of green tea catechins by the human small intestine

Schantz, Markus; Erk, Thomas; Richling, Elke

doi:10.1002/biot.201000214

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Although the microbiota-mediated transformation of dietary (poly)phenols is generally considered to occur in the colon, studies in vitro using ileostomy fluid establish that some transformation can be expected to occur in the small intestine [95]. Studies with ileostomists where plasma and / or urine have been analysed support this observation, but studies in which ileostomists are compared with volunteers having an intact colon indicate that microbiota catabolism in the small intestine is very much less than in the colon [23].…”

Section: Conversion Of Polyphenols By the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phloroglucinol can also be formed from chalcones and dihydrochalcones [91,92], and at least certain rumen microorganisms can reduce this to non-aromatic dihydrophloroglucinol [93,94]. There are several catabolites, for example some mandelic and phenylhydracrylic acids, for which the origin remains uncertain.Although the microbiota-mediated transformation of dietary (poly)phenols is generally considered to occur in the colon, studies in vitro using ileostomy fluid establish that some transformation can be expected to occur in the small intestine [95]. Studies with ileostomists where plasma and / or urine have been analysed support this observation, but studies in which ileostomists are compared with volunteers having an intact colon indicate that microbiota catabolism in the small intestine is very much less than in the colon [23].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols

Williamson

Clifford

2017

Biochemical Pharmacology

271

172

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Please cite this article as: G. Williamson, M.N. Clifford, Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols, Biochemical Pharmacology (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j. bcp.2017.03.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of in the small intestine, or reaches the colon and is subject to extensive catabolism by colonic microbiota. Untransformed substrates may be absorbed, appearing in plasma primarily as methylated, sulfated and glucuronidated derivatives, with in some cases the unchanged substrate. Many of the catabolites are well absorbed from the colon and appear in the plasma either similarly conjugated, or as glycine conjugates, or in some cases unchanged.Although many (poly)phenol catabolites have been identified in human plasma and / or urine, the pathways from substrate to final catabolite, and the species of bacteria and enzymes involved, are still scarcely reported. While it is clear that the composition of the human gut microbiota can be modulated in vivo by supplementation with some (poly)phenol-rich commodities, such modulation is definitely not an inevitable consequence of supplementation, it depends on the treatment, length of time and on the individual metabotype, and it is not clear whether the modulation is sustained when supplementation ceases. Some catabolites have been recorded in plasma of volunteers at concentrations similar to those shown to be effective in in vitro studies suggesting that some benefit may be achieved in vivo by diets yielding such catabolites. and are also present at high levels in supplements [4], and form essential components of many Chinese medicines [5]. A study within the European Prospective Investigation intoCancer and Nutrition (EPIC) using the Phenol Explorer database reported that the cohort studied consumed 427 different polyphenols including 94 that were consumed at a rate of >1 g/day. The estimated total polyphenol consumption ranged from 584 mg/day by Greek women to 1786 mg/day for men in Aarhus-Denmark. The corresponding data for Greek men and for Aarhus women were 744 mg/day and 1626 mg/ day, respectively, with all data adjusted for age and weighted by season and weekday of dietary recall [6]. This study defined the major contributors to be the phenolic acids (predominantly the caffeoylquinic acids (27-53%), also called chlorogenic acids) and flavonoids (predominantly flavanols (16-29%), proanthocyanidins (5-9%) and theaflavins (14-25%)) [6]. Hydroxybenzoic acids (3.3-7.4%), alkyl-phenols (1.6...

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Section: Conversion Of Polyphenols By the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols

Williamson

Clifford

2017

Biochemical Pharmacology

271

172

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“…EGCG can be hydrolyzed to EGC and GA by human intestinal bacteria, and subsequently EGC is anaerobically degraded to its ring-fission metabolites (22,23). According to a paper by Schantz et al (24), cleavage of the GA esters of EGCG by gut flora may occur not only in the colon, but also in small intestine. In order to better evaluate the role of dietary EGCG in the digestive enzymes of the intestine, further investigation is warranted into the rate and extent of the microbial catabolism for EGCG, that might finally affect the bioactivity of this compound.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallated Form of Tea Catechin, Not Nongallated Form, Increases Fecal Starch Excretion in Rats

Unno

Matsumoto

Yamamoto

2012

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary This study was carried out to elucidate the structural advantage of a gallated form of tea catechin on modulating bioavailability of dietary starch in rats. Animal studies demonstrated that the addition of 0.5% (w/w) ( Ϫ )-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to the diet brought about a significant increase in the starch content in the feces collected for 2 d at the fourth week of feeding over that with the control diet. Of the gross starch that the rats consumed from their respective diets during the fecal collection period, 0.1% (for control diet) and 1.9% (for EGCG diet) were estimated to be excreted in the feces. However, such a significant increase in the fecal excretion of starch by the EGCG diet was lost by undergoing hydrolysis of EGCG to ( Ϫ )-epigallocatechin (EGC) and gallic acid (GA). In vitro investigation also showed that EGCG inhibited porcine pancreatic ␣ -amylase activity in a concentrationdependent fashion, whereas the hydrolyzed preparation (the mixture of EGC and GA) exhibited a lack of the inhibitory activity for ␣ -amylase. The modification of dietary starch digestion by inhibiting intestinal ␣ -amylase activity with EGCG may be responsible at least in part for increasing fecal output of starch in rats. Thus, the attachment of a galloyl moiety to the tea flavan-3-ol skeleton may be of key importance for reducing intestinal digestion of dietary starch in rats.

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“…Low folates in cancer cells induced by EGCG administration prevent DNA hypermethylation of specific genes. The effective concentration of EGCG on human DHFR inhibition is around 33 nM, a value physiologically achievable in human plasma after ingestion of standardized preparation of GTCs [114][115][116][117]. One of the most important mechanisms to control gene expression depends on the chromatin condensation status, that is regulated by different processes, with histone acetylation/deacetylation being one of the most studied and finely regulated [105].…”

Section: Epigenetic Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Tea Catechins for Prostate Cancer Prevention: Present Achievements and Future Challenges

Naponelli¹,

Ramazzina²,

Lenzi³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Green Tea Catechins (GTCs) are a family of chemically related compounds usually classified as antioxidant molecules. Epidemiological evidences, supported by interventional studies, highlighted a more than promising role for GTCs in human Prostate Cancer (PCa) chemoprevention.In the last decades many efforts have been made to gain new insights into the mechanism of action of GTCs. Now it is clear that GTCs anticancer action can no longer be simplistically limited to their direct antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Recent contributions to the advancement of knowledge in this field have shown that GTCs specifically interact with cellular targets including, cell surface receptors, lipid rafts and endoplasmic reticulum, modulate gene expression through direct effect on transcription factors or indirect epigenetic mechanisms, interfere with intracellular proteostasis at various levels. Many of the effects observed in vitro are dose and cell context dependent and take place at concentration that cannot be achieved in vivo.Poor intestinal absorption together with an extensive systemic and enteric metabolism influence GTCs bioavailability through still poor understood mechanisms. Recent efforts to develop delivery systems that increase GTCs overall bioavailability, by mean of biopolymeric nanoparticles, represent the main way to translate preclinical results in a real clinical scenario for PCa chemoprevention.

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Metabolism of green tea catechins by the human small intestine

Cited by 75 publications

References 43 publications

Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols

Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols

Gallated Form of Tea Catechin, Not Nongallated Form, Increases Fecal Starch Excretion in Rats

Green Tea Catechins for Prostate Cancer Prevention: Present Achievements and Future Challenges

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