Metabolism of Vitamin K and Influence on Prothrombin Time in Milk-Fed Preruminant Calves

Nestor, Karl E.; Conrad, H.R.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)79022-4

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…PK, MK and MD are known to be converted partly into MK-4 in the tissues of calves (8). Similarly, PK has been shown to be converted into MK-4 in mice and chickens (9), and MD into MK-4 in cod (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of Phylloquinone and Menaquinone in the Tissues of Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus Fed Diets Containing Different Forms of Vitamin K.

Udagawa¹,

Murai

2001

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryThe contents of vitamin K in the plasma and tissues (kidney, liver and gonad) of mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus fed diets supplemented with different vitamin K groups were determined. The vitamin K mainly detected in the gastrointestinal tract of each experi mental group was the one supplemented in the respective diet, and all other forms of vita min K were observed at low concentrations. This implies that the main vitamin K source for mummichog is their food. Further evidence that the main vitamin K source is the food is that the elevation of vitamin K concentrations in the plasma and other tissues in this experi ment was brought about by vitamin K added to the feed. The phylloquinone-rich diet raised the phylloquinone concentration in the plasma and the tissues much higher than the diets supplemented with short and/or long chain menaquinones.This indicates that phylloqui none is more easily accumulated into the body of fish than the menaquinone homologues. There were apparent differences in absorption and deposition of vitamin K between females and males. This may be a factor in the high mortality in male mummichog during the spawning season but further clarification of the causes of the mortality is required.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of Phylloquinone and Menaquinone in the Tissues of Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus Fed Diets Containing Different Forms of Vitamin K.

Udagawa¹,

Murai

2001

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1,2,25,29,30 In contrast, the biological activity and relative contribution of the menaquinones remains unresolved, despite the occurrence of the higher bacterial homologues in hepatic and other tissues. [1][2][3]30 The uniquely non-bacterial MK4 has been reported to be formed in vivo from both dietary menadione and K 1 1,31 and is evidently utilized in satisfying the vitamin K requirements in calves. 31 Two recent studies have reported the tissue-selective concentration of MK4 relative to phylloquinone in rat and human tissues, the provision of further evidence that exogenous K 1 may itself be a precursor for this menaquinone and the proposal offered that functions unrelated to carboxylase activity are still to be determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3]30 The uniquely non-bacterial MK4 has been reported to be formed in vivo from both dietary menadione and K 1 1,31 and is evidently utilized in satisfying the vitamin K requirements in calves. 31 Two recent studies have reported the tissue-selective concentration of MK4 relative to phylloquinone in rat and human tissues, the provision of further evidence that exogenous K 1 may itself be a precursor for this menaquinone and the proposal offered that functions unrelated to carboxylase activity are still to be determined. 32,33 A further study has concluded that low-dose maternal K 1 supplementation failed to elevate K 1 levels in human breast milk, although the potential for in vivo conversion to MK4 was, unfortunately, not investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin K in Milk and Infant Formulas: Determination and Distribution of Phylloquinone and Menaquinone-4

Indyk¹,

Woollard²

1997

Analyst

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method is described for the determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones following enzymatic digestion, extraction and a single-stage HPLC technique utilizing post-column reduction with zinc and fluorescence detection. The technique is applicable to both routine compliance control of phylloquinone supplemented infant formula powders (30-150 micrograms per 100 g) and fundamental studies of the K vitamins at endogenous levels in fluid milks (0-5.0 micrograms per 100 g). Analytical figures of merit include a detection limit of 30 micrograms on-column, recoveries greater than 98% for both K1 and MK4, an RSDR of 2.35% (K1) and 2.32% (MK4) and a regression correlation of 0.9932 for a wide range of infant formulas when compared against an alternative HPLC-UV technique. MK4 and 2',3'-dihydrophylloquinone, both with undefined bioactivity, were detected at measurable levels in a range of infant formulas. Although the higher menaquinones were found to be essentially absent in the milk of several species, the significant presence of MK4 relative to K1 has been confirmed in all milks examined, with both dominant forms correlated during early lactation in the cow. These observations suggest an as yet unrecognized physiological function for MK4 in infant nutrition.

show abstract

“…The bioavailability of menadione and nicotinamide, measured as plasma concentration of both vitamins, was shown to be similar in pigs administered either MNB or an equivalent quantity of menadione and nicotinamide given separately (Marchetti et al, 2000). In pre-ruminant calves, MSB was converted to MK-4, which was found at high concentration in the faeces, implying the release of menadione and isoprenylation by the intestinal flora; only MK-4 was found as a metabolite in intestine tissue, liver and spleen (Nestor and Conrad, 1990).…”

Section: Absorption Distribution Metabolism and Excretionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulphite and menadione nicotinamide bisulphite) as a feed additive for all animal species

Feed¹

2014

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vitamin K describes a group of lipophilic vitamins that exist naturally in two forms: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone, found in green plants) and vitamin K2 (a group of menaquinones synthesised by bacteria in the intestine). Vitamin K3 (or menadione) is a synthetic form of vitamin K without a side chain. To become active, menadione needs to undergo prenylation. Vitamins K1, K2 and K3 are metabolically activated in the liver to become co‐factors in the activation of vitamin K‐dependent proteins, which are important for normal blood coagulation, and normality of bones and arteries (Gla proteins). Acute toxicity of menadione or its derivatives is reached at levels exceeding the requirements by a factor of at least 1 000. Menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) and menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (MNB) are safe for all animal species at practical use levels in feed. The use of MSB in water for drinking is likely to increase the exposure of target animals to chromium(VI). Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel has concerns about the safety of MSB when administered by this route. The use of MSB and MNB in animal nutrition does not give rise to safety concerns for consumers. MSB is an eye irritant; in the absence of adequate data, the additive should be considered as a skin sensitiser. In the absence of data, MNB should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes and as a skin sensitiser. Considering the high dusting potential of MSB and MNB, the absence of data on inhalation toxicity and the chromium(VI) content of dust, inhalation exposure resulting from handling of MSB and MNB could be hazardous. The use of MSB and MNB in animal nutrition does not pose a risk to the environment. MSB and MNB are regarded as effective sources of vitamin K in animal nutrition.

show abstract

Metabolism of Vitamin K and Influence on Prothrombin Time in Milk-Fed Preruminant Calves

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Content of Phylloquinone and Menaquinone in the Tissues of Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus Fed Diets Containing Different Forms of Vitamin K.

Content of Phylloquinone and Menaquinone in the Tissues of Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus Fed Diets Containing Different Forms of Vitamin K.

Vitamin K in Milk and Infant Formulas: Determination and Distribution of Phylloquinone and Menaquinone-4

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulphite and menadione nicotinamide bisulphite) as a feed additive for all animal species

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About