Metabolite Profiles in Various Plant Organs of Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. and Its in Vitro Cultures

Abstract

Metabolite profiles of plant organs and their in vitro cultures of Justicia gendarussa have been studied by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Qtof-MS). Samples of leaves, stems, roots, and shoot cultures showed similar patterns of metabolites, while samples of root cultures gave very different profiles. Concentrations of secondary metabolites in shoot cultures were relatively low compared to those in the leaves and roots of the plants. The results suggested that secondary metabolites in J. gendarussa were biosynthetized in the leaves, then transported to the roots.

Phytochemicals of Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa) and Its Preparations

“…Apigenin glycosides 16 and 17, 4,10,11,13 which are proposed active metabolites of JG leaves, were well detected in all samples. Metabolites 20 to 36 are dominated by fatty acids, which can enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of active polar compounds in herbal drugs 24 ; this might also be the case in JG preparations.…”

“…9 Also reported for JG leaves is 1,5-dideoxy-3-C-{[(5-hydroxy-2-{[(5-oxotetrahydro-2-furanyl) carbonyl] amino} benzyl) oxy] carbonyl} pentitol (9). 10,11 Justidrusamide A (13), B (14), C (11), D (10), E (6), 12,13 6,8-di-C-α-L-arabinocylapigenin {gendarusin A (16)}, and 6-C-α-L-arabinocyl-8-C-β-arabinocylapigenin {gendarusin B (17)} were identified in ethanolic leaf extracts of JG originating from Indonesia, 6,13 and apigenin and its glycoside vitexin were isolated from leaves of JG from India. 2 An arylnaphthalene lignan, patentiflorin, was isolated from JG collected in Vietnam.…”

“…14 It seemed that the secondary metabolites of JG were biosynthesized in the leaves, then transported to the roots. 11 It is well known that variability in the constituents of herbal medicines is influenced by various external factors. It has been reported that JG leaves grown in different places show different metabolite profiles using LC-MS/MS.…”

“…JG leaves, [9][10][11][12][13]22 and metabolite 9 in the roots, stems, and leaves. 11 The molecular ions of 4, 7, and 8 were almost identical (< 5 ppm) to those of 6, 10, and 11, respectively, 10,12,13 but their chemical structures were not identical ( Table 2). Brazoides A and B 9 were not detected in this present study.…”

“…In summary, 35 metabolites could be well identified in JG crude drugs and its preparations; chemical structures of some identified metabolites were presented in Figure 2 and metabolites 3, 6, 9 to 14, 16, 17, and 34 have been identified previously in JG leaves. [9][10][11][12][13] This work showed that the phytochemicals of JG are mostly composed of alkaloids, apigenin glycosides, and fatty acids. Some previously identified metabolites, that is, apigenin, vitexin, and patentiflorin 2,5,22 were not detected in our JG leaves, which strengthens the claims that the origin of JG could affect its metabolite contents.…”