Metabolite profiling of ginsenoside Re in rat urine and faeces after oral administration

Metabolic profiles of 20(S )-protopanaxadiol in rats after oral administration using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

“…Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated that ginsenosides have very low bioavailability due to their poor membrane permeability, and they undergo extensive deglycosylation metabolism catalyzed by gastric acid or intestinal bacteria after oral administration . Therefore, secondary metabolites and aglycones of ginsenosides are responsible for the improved pharmacokinetic characteristics and, in turn, pharmacodynamics .…”

Changes in intestinal microbiota affect metabolism of ginsenoside Re

“…In addition to a series of dehydrated product ions, characteristic product ions could be clearly observed at m / z 391.2844, owing to the loss of the aliphatic side chain at C20. Therefore, by comparison with the standard, M10 was identified as PPT (Kim, Park, Kim, & Yoo, ).…”

“…Although the mass spectra of M8 or M9 did not provide the exact information on glucose binding sites, in comparison with the standard, M8 and M9 were identified as Rh1 and F1, respectively (Wan et al, 2016). was identified as PPT (Kim, Park, Kim, & Yoo, 2013). Figure 7(c), there was a significantly higher cumulative excretion of ginsenoside Rg2 in ATM and OACS rats (p < 0.05), which indicated that the stepwise hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rg2 to Rh1 and F1 may be inhibited.…”

Structural identification of neopanaxadiol metabolites in rats by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry

“…For ginsenosides of the PPD‐type, such as ginsenoside Rg3, it has been demonstrated by an in vitro metabolism study that hydrolysis products such as ginsenosides Rh2 and PPD were the major metabolites . For ginsenosides of the PPT‐type, such as ginsenoside Re, several studies showed that this compound may be metabolized to ginsenosides Rg2, Rg1, and Rh1, and then finally to PPT, via a stepwise cleavage of the sugar moieties . Besides the deglycosidation of ginsenosides, potential metabolic changes of PPD and PPT are increasingly gaining interest in this field.…”