Metabolite Profiling of Soy By-Products: A Comprehensive Approach

Abstract

Soy is the major oilseed crop as soybeans are widely used to produce biofuel, food, and feed. Other parts of the plant are left on the ground after harvest. The accumulation of such by-products on the soil can cause environmental problems. This work presents for the first time a comprehensive metabolite profiling of soy by-products collected directly from the ground just after mechanical harvesting. A two-liquid-phase extraction using n-heptane and EtOH-H 2 O 7:3 (v/v) provided extracts with complete characterization by gas chromatography and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography both coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 146 metabolites, including flavones, flavonols, isoflavonoids, fatty acids, steroids, mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoids, were tentatively identified in soy by-products and soybeans. These proved to be sources of a wide range of bioactive metabolites, thus suggesting that they could be valorized while reducing potential environmental damage in line with a circular economy model.

Pressurized natural deep eutectic solvents: An alternative approach to agro-soy by-products

“…Besides, they referred that quoted bioactive metabolites contribute to antioxidant capacity. According to the best of our knowledge, the literature does not report the combination of PLE and NADES to generate phenolic-rich fractions with high antioxidant capacity from agro-soy by-products, which have been described as the promising sources of bioactive compounds and sparsely explored ( 11 ).…”

“…Dynamic maceration (Mac) with magnetic stirring was selected as the conventional extraction technique ( 11 ). A mix of 100 mg of branches, leaves, pods, and roots—in a total of 400 mg—was extracted with 8 ml of (i) EtOH-H 2 O 7:3 (v/v), and (ii) NADES choline chloride/citric acid/water 1:1:11 (molar ratio—ChCl:Ca:H 2 O), at 1,500 rpm, 60 ° C for 35 min (IKA C-MAG HS 7, Germany).…”

“…Apigenin, a flavonoid, has protective effects against cardiometabolic diseases, and it has been suggested as biopesticide ( 8 , 9 ). In addition, other bioactive metabolites identified in agro-soy by-products collected after harvesting (i.e., branches, leaves, pods, and roots) provide new findings and perspectives for using such materials ( 10 , 11 ). Soybeans, the soy commodity, have been the second source of vegetable oils, with an estimated production of 61 million tons in 2022/23 ( 12 ).…”

Effect of the Fermented Soy Q-CAN® Product on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidation in Adults with Cardiovascular Risk, and Canonical Correlations between the Inflammation Biomarkers and Blood Lipids

“…A major oilseed crop, the soybean ( Glycine max ) is also a nutritious legume abundant in plant protein, unsaturated fat, and bioactive compounds [ 3 ]. Soy consumption has long been linked with lower rates of chronic diseases and various health benefits [ 4 , 5 ].…”

“…1 p-values of within-group effect of time (baseline/end of study) for each treatment 2. p values for betweengroup treatment (soy/control) × time interaction 3. All variables were log-transformed to normalize their distribution.…”