Metabolites of dietary atractyligenin glucoside in coffee drinkers' urine

Consumption of Roasted Coffee Leads to Conjugated Metabolites of Atractyligenin in Human Plasma

“…This illustration was created with Biorender.com. reported by Obermann et al as the aglycone of a conjugated atractyligenin metabolite and later by Lang et al 5,14 While 5 did not appear in the plasma, M2 and M3 steeply increased from barely quantifiable after 4 h to reach maximum values after 10 h. M2, however, showed minor concentrations, while the concentration of M3 increased to finally exceed that of 1 and M1 10 h after coffee. We assume part of the atractyligenin glycosides, particularly 3, were metabolized by the intestinal microbiota, leading to these late-appearing metabolites (Figure 3B).…”

“…M1 was above the LLOQ in almost every sample, underlining our previous assumption that it constitutes the primary conjugated metabolite of dietary atractyligenin glycosides. 14 M2 was below the LLOQ at the baseline and even in most samples taken after coffee consumption. After 1 h, M2 was above the LLOQ in only two of the ten participants (concentration 0.63 ± 0.14 nM).…”

“…In our recent studies, we isolated three conjugated metabolites (M1−M3 in Figure 1) of dietary atractyligenin glycosides from coffee drinkers' urine and clarified the structures. 14 In the current study, we quantitatively investigated the appearance of the original compounds 2 and 3 from coffee and their metabolites 1 and M1−M3 in plasma samples from a coffee intervention study.…”

“…As to the underlying exact compound, Obermann et al clarified the aglycone structure of an atractyligenin-related isobaric metabolite that was excreted into the urine after coffee consumption . This aglycone ( 5 in Figure ) was present in two of three conjugated metabolites, which we recently isolated from coffee drinkers′ urine . Therefore, the biomarker candidate “atractyligenin glucuronide” Rothwell et al and Shi et al referred to comprised the 19- O -β- d -glucuronide of 1 , termed M1 , and the 19- O -β- d -glucuronide ( M2 ) and 2- O -β- d -glucuronide ( M3 ) of 5 .…”

“…5 This aglycone (5 in Figure 1) was present in two of three conjugated metabolites, which we recently isolated from coffee drinkers′ urine. 14 Therefore, the biomarker candidate Atractyligenin glycosides are extracted from the coffee powder into the beverage during coffee brewing; metabolites appear in plasma and are excreted after coffee consumption with the urine. It is yet unclear whether the glycosides 2 and 3 are bioavailable, and when and how metabolites are formed.…”