Metabolites produced by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis alter development in tadpoles, but not growth or mortality

McMahon, Taegan A.; Laggan, Nichole A; Hill, Megan

doi:10.3354/dao03401

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, amphibian prophylaxis studies to date generally support minimal negative fitness effects of metabolite prophylaxis. For instance, tadpoles exposed to the BMP developed faster but the metabolites had no negative effects on tadpole growth, mortality or adult size, indicating minimal impacts of prophylaxis [84]. Interestingly, bacterial community composition of controls not exposed to BMP was statistically similar to higher-concentration BMP treatments (figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of an anti-pathogen skin microbiome following prophylaxis treatment in an amphibian model system

Siomko

Greenspan

Barnett

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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With emerging diseases on the rise, there is an urgent need to identify and understand novel mechanisms of prophylactic protection in vertebrate hosts. Inducing resistance against emerging pathogens through prophylaxis is an ideal management strategy that may impact pathogens and their host-associated microbiome. The host microbiome is recognized as a critical component of immunity, but the effects of prophylactic inoculation on the microbiome are unknown. In this study, we investigate the effects of prophylaxis on host microbiome composition, focusing on the selection of anti-pathogenic microbes contributing to host acquired immunity in a model host–fungal disease system, amphibian chytridiomycosis. We inoculated larval Pseudacris regilla against the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) with a Bd metabolite-based prophylactic. Increased prophylactic concentration and exposure duration were associated with significant increases in proportions of putatively Bd -inhibitory host-associated bacterial taxa, indicating a protective prophylactic-induced shift towards microbiome members that are antagonistic to Bd. Our findings are in accordance with the adaptive microbiome hypothesis, where exposure to a pathogen alters the microbiome to better cope with subsequent pathogen encounters. Our study advances research on the temporal dynamics of microbiome memory and the role of prophylaxis-induced shifts in microbiomes contributing to prophylaxis effectiveness. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology’.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of an anti-pathogen skin microbiome following prophylaxis treatment in an amphibian model system

Siomko

Greenspan

Barnett

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Identification of metabolites secreted by B. dendrobatidis could help with the development of vaccine targets in the prevention of infection [39]. Further, noninfectious B. dendrobatidis secreted metabolites have increased the rate of development in tadpoles [40]. Identification of these metabolites would be essential in determining the environmental impact of B. dendrobatidis and allow us to understand how specific metabolites alter the ecology of the amphibians.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Novel Secreted Metabolite Cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis and its Effect on Galleria Mellonella.

Starr

Zabet-Moghaddam

Francisco

2022

Preprint

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The fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and a leading cause of global decline in amphibian populations . The first stages of chytridiomycosis include: inflammation, hyperkeratosis, lethargy, loss of righting reflex, and disruption of internal electrolyte levels leading to eventual death of the host. Previous work indicates that B. dendrobatidis can produce immunomodulatory compounds and other secreted molecules that regulate the growth of the fungus. In this study, filtrates of the fungus grown in media and water were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed using Compound Discoverer 3.0. Identification of cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl), chitobiose, and S-adenosylmethionine were verified by their retention times and fragmentation patterns from B. dendrobatidis supernatants. Previous studies have analyzed the effects of B. dendrobatidis on amphibian models, in vitro, or in cell culture. We studied the effects of live B. dendrobatidis cells, spent culture filtrates containing secreted metabolites, and cyclo(pheylalanyl-prolyl) on wax moth larvae ( Galleria mellonella) . Concentrated filtrates caused melanization within 24 hours, while live B. dendrobatidis caused melanization within 48 hours. Our results indicate B. dendrobatidis produces secreted metabolites previously unreported. These findings provide another alternative for the use of a non-amphibian model system to study pathogenicity traits in this fungus.

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“…We produced stock Bd culture and Bd metabolite treatments as previously described (McMahon et al 2019). We used Bd isolate JEL 270 (isolated from California) for both the Bd metabolite treatments and live challenges.…”

Section: Bd Culture and Bd Metabolite Treatment Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Metabolites Provide Pre-Exposure Protection but No Postexposure Benefit or Harm Against Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis

Barnett

Hilgendorff

Civitello

et al. 2023

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Disease control tools are needed to mitigate the effect of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on amphibian biodiversity loss. In previous experiments, Bd metabolites (i.e., noninfectious chemicals released by Bd) have been shown to induce partial resistance to Bd when administered before live pathogen exposure and therefore have potential as an intervention strategy to curb Bd outbreaks. In the wild, however, amphibians inhabiting Bd-endemic ecosystems may have already been exposed to or infected with Bd before metabolite administration. It is therefore critical to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bd metabolites applied postexposure to live Bd. We tested whether Bd metabolites administered postexposure would induce resistance, exacerbate infections, or have no effect. The results confirmed that Bd metabolites applied before pathogen exposure significantly reduced infection intensity, but Bd metabolites applied after pathogen exposure neither protected against nor exacerbated infections. These results reveal the importance of timing the application of Bd metabolites early in the transmission season for Bd-endemic ecosystems and emphasize that Bd metabolites prophylaxis may be a useful tool in captive reintroduction campaigns where Bd threatens the success of re-establishing endangered amphibian populations.

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Metabolites produced by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis alter development in tadpoles, but not growth or mortality

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Selection of an anti-pathogen skin microbiome following prophylaxis treatment in an amphibian model system

Selection of an anti-pathogen skin microbiome following prophylaxis treatment in an amphibian model system

Identification of a Novel Secreted Metabolite Cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis and its Effect on Galleria Mellonella.

Fungal Metabolites Provide Pre-Exposure Protection but No Postexposure Benefit or Harm Against Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis

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