Metabolizable Protein: 1. Predicting Equations to Estimate Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Small Ruminants

Santos, Stefanie Alvarenga; Carvalho, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de; Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomes; Zanetti, Diego; Santos, Edson Mauro; Pereira, Mara Lúcia Albuquerque; Pereira, Elzânia Sales; Pires, Aureliano José Vieira; Filho, Sebastião de Campos Valadares; Teixeira, Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida; Tosto, Manuela Silva Libânio; Leite, Luiz Carlos; Mariz, Lays Débora Silva

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.650248

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The MPm estimated was 3.8 g/ kg 0.75 BW, the kpm calculated as NPm/MPm was 0.33, and the kpg calculated as NPg/MPg was 0.52. Santos et al [69] proposed prediction equations to estimate microbial protein synthesis to be used for the calculation of rumen degradable protein (RDP) requirements from MP in sheep and goats. They found no differences to fit metabolizable crude protein (MCP) efficiency between sheep and goats, and suggested that MCP synthesis in the rumen can be predicted from energy intake using combined equations that encompass both sheep and goats.…”

Section: Energy and Protein Requirements In Goatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Utilization, Requirements and Nutrigenomics in Sheep and Goats

2024

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The most recent National Research Council Nutrient Requirements for Sheep and Goats was published in 2007, one of the most consequential nutrient requirement recommendations for sheep and goats in the world. It is pertinent to continue the refinement and discussion of nutrient utilization and requirements for the purposes of enhancing the efficiency of production systems, maximizing resource economy, and minimizing the carbon footprint, among others. Progress has been made in the estimation of energy and protein requirements in sheep and goats, mainly utilizing empirical feeding experimentation, comparative slaughter technique and minimum endogenous loss method. In sheep, newer estimates of energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth and partial efficiencies had been reported since 2007. There were suggestions that energy and protein requirements could have been affected by breed, wool growth, gender and size; with these reported values being similar or lower than the recommended values in international feeding systems such as NRC, ARC, INRA and AFRC. In goats, energy and protein requirements for growing goats were reported to be either higher or lower than the established recommendations, depending upon meat or dairy breeds. Effect of gender on energy requirement appeared to be related to the stage of growth or degree of maturity. Newer data also suggested that the guidelines of the major feeding systems for the entire growth phase may not be adequate for non-pregnant and non-lactating pubertal females. In multiparous pregnant goats, energy and protein requirements for maintenance did not appear to be affected by days of pregnancy, but efficiencies of metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein utilization for pregnancy were. There were suggestions that that metabolizable protein synthesis in the rumen can be predicted from energy intake using combined equations that encompass both sheep and goats, but more data on goats were called for to account for specific differences in nutrition. In addition to sulfur, there has been progress made on the estimation of maintenance and growth requirements of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in goats, with suggestions on the consideration of gender and breed differences. Species, level of Intake, genotype, mature size, age, gender, body composition, use of tissue energy, activity, season, and acclimatization continue to be important considerations for the estimation of nutrient requirements in sheep and goats, with emerging factors such as climate change, heat stress, parasitism and secondary plant compounds. Model equations and partial efficiencies used by NRC to predict energy and protein requirements for maintenance, growth, lactation, and fiber have been highlighted and discussed for the purpose of a more focus discussion and refinement for the future. Potential and limitation of both traditional and emerging methodologies in determining the nutrient requirements in sheep and goats were discussed. To justify the research investment, emerging methodologies such as nutrigenomics will have to be linked more directly to the improvement of production efficiency via more precise prediction of nutrient requirement.

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Section: Energy and Protein Requirements In Goatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Utilization, Requirements and Nutrigenomics in Sheep and Goats

2024

Preprint

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“…However, due to the long carbon chain of the polysaccharide structure and poor hydrophilicity [16], the sugars dissolved in bamboo shoots are mostly low-molecular-weight sugars (reducing sugars). While using protein to break down into short peptides and amino acids, microorganisms also produce a large number of enzymes for metabolism, as well as the high protein content of the microorganisms itself [17], making the protein content of the BS4 reach the level of BS1, nearly doubled with unfermented. After fermentation, bamboo shoot protein has more nutritional value.…”

Section: Changes In the Migration Of Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of Main Nutrient Components and Volatile Flavor Substances in Processing of Canned Bamboo Shoots

et al. 2021

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Canned bamboo shoots, a popular endurable storage product preserved by canning, can be used directly as a raw material for preparing dishes and processing many other downstream products. Fermentation and high temperature sterilization are decisive for product quality. During 3 days of fermentation at 25 °C, the protein and total amino acids of bamboo shoots increased remarkably and the total phenols changed a little. After steam sterilization, the total sugar decreased by 56.82%, and the protein of bamboo shoots decreased from 2.41 ± 0.04 g/100 g to 2.03 ± 0.30 g/100 g. The process significantly increased from zero the total sugar, protein and total amino acids in sterilization bamboo shoots soaking solution. GC-MS-ROAV was used for the detection of volatile flavor substances (VFCs) of bamboo shoots and soaking solution in the four processing stages. Fermented bamboo shoots after 72 h showed a strong aroma of orange oil, which was the evaluator’s preferred aroma. In the process of sterilization, Maillard reaction leads to the increase of pyrazines and furans in bamboo shoots and soaking solution, including dibenzofuran, furaneol, trimethyl-pyrazine and 2,3-dimethyl-pyrazine. Due to these volatile flavor components, the sterilized bamboo shoots spread a light caramel and cocoa flavor.

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