Metabolome and microbiome alterations in tongue coating of gastric precancerous lesion patients

Lü

et al. 2021

Preprint

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ObjectiveIn this study, we analyzed the correlation between different metabolites in the tongue coating of patients with chronic gastritis, gastroscopy and pathological indexes, and discussed the metabolic mechanism at different pathological stages in the development of chronic gastritis.MethodsWe used GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-QE-MS metabonomics to detect the distribution of metabolites in the tongue coating of patients with chronic gastritis, and analyzed the correlation between different metabolites in the tongue coating of patients with chronic gastritis and gastroscopy and pathological indexes.ResultsCompared with 50 healthy people, 54 metabolites were upregulated and 47 metabolites were downregulated in 350 patients with chronic gastritis. The main differential metabolites were Lipids and lipid-like molecules, which contain 47 metabolites. The best diagnostic model was composed of 5 metabolites, with an accuracy of 95.4%, a specificity of 87.4% and a sensitivity of 88.0%. These 5 metabolites were 1-methyladenosine, Sphinganine 1-phosphate, 3-Hydroxycapric acid, 4-Ipomeanol, and Nervonic acid. Compared with healthy people, Sphinganine 1-phosphate, 4-Ipomeanol, and Nervonic acid were significantly upregulated in chronic gastritis patients, and 1-methyladenosine and 3-Hydroxycapric acid were significantly downregulated in chronic gastritis patients. After correlation analysis between differential metabolites in tongue coatings and gastroscopic indexes, we found that Trimethylaminoacetone, Sphinganine1-phosphate, alpha-Carboxy-delta-decalactone, and 5,6-Dihydroxyindole were positively correlated with intestinal metaplasia. Conduritol-beta-expoxide, Tetracosanoic acid, Lactosylceramide(d18:1/26:0), Chondrillasterol 3-[glucosyl-(1->4)-glucoside], Azelaic acid, and 1-Methyladenosine were negatively correlated with intestinal metaplasia. Sphinganine1-phosphate, alpha-Carboxy-delta-decalactone, and 5,6-Dihydroxyindole were positively correlated with atrophic. Octadecanol, conduritol-beta-expoxide, Tetracosanoic acid, Smilanippin A, Lactosylceramide(d18:1/26:0), Chondrillasterol 3-[glucosyl-(1->4)-glucoside], and Azelaic acid were negatively correlated with atrophic. 6-deoxyglucitol was negatively correlated with bile reflux, methylmaleic acid, 4-methylcatechol, and 2,4-dichloro-1-(2-chloroethenyl)-benzene were negatively correlated with Hp, 3-benzoyloxy-11-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid was negatively correlated with gastric mucosal erosion. From the change trend of different metabolites in different pathological stages, we found that the content of conduritol-beta-expoxide decreased significantly in mild atrophic compared with moderate atrophic and the content of conduritol-beta-expoxide decreased significantly in mild intestinal metaplasia compared with moderate intestinal metaplasia.ConclusionsWe found that Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the main abnormal metabolites in patients with chronic gastritis. Among them, Sphinganine 1-phosphate, which was significantly positively correlated with the aggravation of atrophic and intestinal metaplasia, could be used as one of the diagnostic model markers for chronic gastritis. Additionally, the amount of conduritol-beta-expoxide significantly decreased with the aggravation of atrophic and intestinal metaplasia. We believe that these differential markers in tongue coating may help us to establish a noninvasive and convenient auxiliary detection method for gastritis and gastric precancerous lesion in the future.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Abnormal Metabolites in Tongue Coating of Chronic Gastritis Patients Reflect the Changes in Indexes of Gastroscopic Observation and Gastric Mucosal Pathology

Lü

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…(3) Patients that are suffering from mental illness were excluded (4) The female subjects were pregnant or lactating (5) There were lesions in oral mucosa (6) The subjects took antibiotics within half a year or probiotics as well as foods containing probiotics within one month before the sample was collected (7) The subjects who smoke or drink alcohol were excluded (8) The body mass index (BMI) exceeds 28 [14] 2.4. Sample Collection and Experimental Methods.…”

Section: Criteria the Diagnostic Criteria Of Gpl Were As Followsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sample Collection and Experimental Methods. We followed the sample collection and experimental methods of our previous research [8]. Tongue coating samples were collected in the morning, and all the subjects need not eat breakfast before being sampled.…”

Section: Criteria the Diagnostic Criteria Of Gpl Were As Followsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, tongue coating has been considered the most complex ecological biofilm niche in the mouth [7]. In the previous study, it was found that there were different microorganisms in the tongue coating between GPL patients and healthy people, and the metabolites in the tongue coating of GPL patients with a damp phlegm pattern were significantly different from those of the nondamp phlegm pattern [8,9]. Therefore, whether there are some special microorganisms in the tongue coating of GPL patients with a damp phlegm pattern may affect the formation of metabolites, which is a problem worthy of study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alterations of Microorganisms in Tongue Coating of Gastric Precancerous Lesion Patients with a Damp Phlegm Pattern

Xiao

BioMed Research International

Lü

et al. 2022

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Objective. In the research, the microbial changes in the tongue coating of patients with a damp phlegm pattern of gastric precancerous lesion (GPL) were investigated. Methods. This was a case-control study, in which 80 tongue coating samples were collected including 40 patients with a damp phlegm pattern of GPL, 20 patients with a nondamp phlegm pattern of GPL, and 20 healthy control people. The 16S rRNA microbiome technology was used to analyze the alterations of microorganisms in tongue coating of GPL patients with a damp phlegm pattern. Results. Microorganisms in the genus level were analyzed. Compared with the healthy control group, the relative abundance of 4 microorganisms (Solobacterium, Rothia, Oribacterium, and Alloprevotella) in the GPL group was significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ). The relative abundance of 10 microorganisms (Terrisporobacter, Solobacterium, Porphyromonas, Parvimonas, Lactobacillus, Johnsonella, Gemella, Fusibacter, Azoarcus, and Acidothermus) in the GPL damp phlegm pattern group was significantly lower than that in the GPL nondamp phlegm pattern group ( P < 0.05 ). In the comparison of phenotype “forms biofilms,” the relative abundance of microorganisms in the GPL group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group ( P < 0.05 ). In the comparison of phenotype “contains mobile elements,” the relative abundance of microorganisms in the GPL damp phlegm pattern group was significantly lower than that in the GPL nondamp phlegm pattern group ( P < 0.05 ). In the comparison of microbial metabolic functions, the abundance ratio of “infectious diseases: bacterial” in the GPL group was significantly lower than that in the healthy control group ( P < 0.05 ). The abundance ratio of the “excretory system” and “folding, sorting, and degradation” in the GPL group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusions. Solobacterium may be a marker microorganism of the GPL damp phlegm pattern. The differential phenotype of microorganisms in tongue coating of the GPL damp tongue pattern is mainly reflected in “forms biofilms” and “contains mobile elements.”

“…Nine GPL patients with damp phlegm pattern were infected with Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Although studies have found that Hp may affect the content of some metabolites in tongue coating of patients with chronic gastritis [53], we previously analyzed the differential metabolites in the tongue coating of 60 patients with GPL compared with healthy people, of which 10 patients were infected with Hp, and the inclusion of these Hp-infected patients did not affect our final screening of differential metabolites [54]. Even so, in future studies, we will still carefully consider the factors of Hp infection.…”

Section: Gc-tof-ms and Uhplc-qe-ms Have Different Advan-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolite Characteristics in Tongue Coating from Damp Phlegm Pattern in Patients with Gastric Precancerous Lesion

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Morris

et al. 2021

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Objective. In this study, we analyzed the metabolite profile of the tongue coating of patients having gastric precancerous lesion (GPL) with damp phlegm pattern and proposed a mechanism of pathological transition. Methods. The changes in tongue-coating metabolites in patients with GPL damp phlegm pattern were analyzed using GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-QE-MS metabolomics methods. Results. When compared with 20 patients who did not exhibit a nondamp phlegm pattern, 12 metabolites were highly expressed and 10 metabolites were under expressed in 40 cases of damp phlegm pattern, of which involved 9 metabolic pathways. Compared with 15 healthy people, 134 metabolites were upregulated and 3 metabolites were downregulated in 40 cases exhibiting a damp phlegm pattern, of which involved 17 metabolic pathways. The patients with damp phlegm pattern were compared with nondamp phlegm pattern patients and healthy people, the main differential metabolites were primarily lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the main differential metabolic pathways were related to glycerophospholipid metabolism. In the glycerophospholipid metabolism, the metabolites with changes were phosphatidylethanolamine and lysoPC(18 : 1 (9z)). Among them, phosphatidylethanolamine exists in the synthesis stage of glycerophospholipid metabolism.Conclusions. Abnormal expression of lipids and lipid-like molecules, as the major metabolic change, was involved in the formation of GPL patients with damp phlegm pattern.