Metabolome and Microbiome Signatures in the Leaves of Wild Tea Plant Resources Resistant to Pestalotiopsis theae

Abstract

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important crop that is mainly used in the food industry. This study using the metabolome and microbiome investigates the resistance factors of wild tea plant resources against tea gray blight disease, which is caused by Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert. According to the interaction analysis of tea leaves and pathogenic fungus, the resistance of wild tea plant resource “R1” (Resistance 1) to tea gray blight disease was significantly higher than that of wild tea plant resource “S1” (Susceptibility 1). The difference between “R1” and “S1” in the metabolome was obvious. There were 145 metabolites that significantly changed. The phenolic acids and flavonoids were the major increased categories in “R1,” and it included 4-O-glucosyl-sinapate and petunidin-3-o-(6”-o-p-coumaroyl) rutinoside. Six metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis. In terms of bacteria, there was no significant difference between “S1” and “R1” in the principal component analysis (PCA). Pseudomonas was the major bacterial genus in “S1” and “R1.” In addition, each of the two resources had its own predominant genus: Cellvibirio was a predominant bacterial genus in “S1” and Candidatus_competibacter was a predominant bacterial genus in “R1.” In terms of fungi, the fungal diversity and the abundance of the two tea plant resource samples could be distinguished clearly. The fungal component of “S1” was more abundant than that of “R1” at the genus level. Toxicocladosporium was the predominant fungal genus of “S1,” and Filobasidium was the predominant fungal genus of “R1.” The relative abundance of unclassified-norank-norank-Chloroplast and Penicillium were significantly different between “S1” and “R1.” Penicillium was identified as a potential biomarker. They correlated with some metabolites enriched in “S1” or “R1,” such as L-arginine and quercetin-3-o-(2”-o-rhamnosyl) rutinoside-7-o-glucoside. Overall, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and Penicillium could be functional metabolites or microorganisms that contributed to improving the resistance of wild tea plant resources to tea gray blight disease.

Field Control Effect and Initial Mechanism: A Study of Isobavachalcone against Blister Blight Disease

“…The IBC treatment increased the relative abundance of the predominant Ascomycota from 97.47% (CK) to 98.34% and decreased the abundance of Basidiomycota from 0.84% (CK) to 0.67%. The fungi and their abundance at the phyla level in the present research are close to the result in wild tea plant resources [43]. The genera, including Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Unidentified_Pleosporales_sp., Tilletiopsis, Epicoccum, and Setophoma are dominant in the microbe community of the test tea plant.…”

“…The next dominant genus, Colletotrichum , includes hundreds of species generally known as endophytes or plant pathogens, mainly causing foliar diseases on a wide range of important crops [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. These above genera were also reported as ubiquitous endophytic fungi in tea plants in Changsha Hunan, China [ 52 ], and there are some differences with the wild tea plants in Yiyang Hunan, China [ 43 ]. Changes in habitat conditions and tea varietal may directly affect microbe composition and the structure of the fungal population [ 52 ].…”

Rational modification of melatonin for broad‐spectrum antifungal agents discovery

“…Pathogen strains in this study included Magnaporthe oryzae (P131, Guy 11, mps1 , cap20 ), 15 Rhizoctonia solani (WH‐1), 16 Botrytis cinerea (B05.10), 17 Monilinia fructicola (2YTF2‐2), 18 Pestalotiopsis theae (Pt1), 19 Fusarium graminearum (PH‐1), 20 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (1980 UF‐70), 21 Bipolaris maydis (TM17) 22 . The complete medium (CM) was used for growing of M. oryzae at 28°C in the dark, and potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium was used for growing of B. cinerea, B. maydis, F. graminearum, M. fructicola, P. theae, R. solani , and S. sclerotiorum at 25°C in the dark.…”

“…All chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and used directly without further purification (unless stated otherwise). 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and 19 F NMR spectra were measured on a Burker Avance III (600 MHz) spectrometer at ambient temperature with CDCl 3 as the solvent and tetramethylsilane as reference. Data were recorded as follows: chemical shift in ppm, multiplicity, coupling constant (Hz), integration, and assignment.…”

Metabolic Variations among Three New Tea Varieties Cultivated in Shandong, China

“…These samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for the metabolome analysis. The lyophilized samples that were used for the metabolome analysis contained three biological replications, as reported by previous research [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. In addition, the shoots of the four varieties were also picked to produce green teas.…”