Metabolomic Analysis and Antioxidant Effect of Amla (Emblica officinalis) Extract in Preventing Oxidative Stress-Induced Red Cell Damage and Plasma Protein Alterations: AnIn VitroStudy

Abstract

Amla (Emblica officinalis) has antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, but its effect on free radical induced red cell damage and membrane and plasma protein alterations has not been adequately addressed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant property of amla against oxidative stress-induced red cell damage and plasma protein alterations. Red blood cells (RBCs) were preincubated with different concentrations of amla extract (50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL) and then treated with physiological (5 mM) and pathological (50 mM) concentrations of glucose for 24 h. In another in vitro study the plasma was pretreated with different concentrations of amla extract and then incubated with 2, 2'-Azo-Bis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) for 2 h. After the incubation RBC-malondialdehyde (MDA), RBC-reduced glutathione (GSH), RBC indices, RBC morphometric study, plasma MDA, protein carbonylation, total protein, and albumin were estimated. The antioxidant property of amla was assessed by DPPH assay. RBC-MDA levels were significantly decreased and RBC-GSH levels were significantly increased with higher concentration of amla extract (150 and 200 μg/mL). Red cell count and its indices were improved with the increasing concentration of amla. In addition, at higher concentration, amla restored the RBC membrane integrity. The plasma in vitro study also showed that amla improved the plasma MDA, protein carbonylation, total protein, and albumin levels. Amla extract effectively protected the RBCs and plasma proteins from the reactive oxygen species induced oxidative damage. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the extract revealed the presence of gallic acid, quinic acid, and quercetin as the major constituents in addition to the other flavonoids.

Bioactive constituents of Emblica officinalis overcome oxidative stress in mammalian cells by inhibiting hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxins

“…Previously, Majeed et al confirmed the existence of ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and mucic acid 6‐methyl ester 2‐O‐gallate in Emblica fruit (Majeed, Bhat, Jadhav, Srivastava, & Nagabhushanam, ). Our results were well supported by Packirisamy et al, who reported gallic acid, quinic acid, and quercetin as the major constituents of the amla extract as analyzed by LC‐MS (Packirisamy, Bobby, Panneerselvam, Koshy, & Jacob, ).…”

Effects of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Redox Status, Blood Haematology, and Piglet Mortality in Primiparous Sows

“…More specifically, our results are consistent with a study in rats where the group that was fed with Ocimum sanctum had a significantly higher mean number of RBC and PCV in short and long-term durations [84]. Additionally, the effect of Emblica officinalis in RBCs could have a cooperative action in the increase in them, and consequently in the increase in PCV, as it seems to have a protective role in RBCs, leading to a dose-dependent increase in their number [85]. In a study where PFAs were fed to broiler chickens, there was only a slight increase in RBCs number [86].…”

Super Fruit Amla (Emblica officinalis, Gaertn) in Diabetes Management and Ensuing Complications: A Concise Review

“…The cellular damage induced by glucose at the pathological concentration (50 mM) was studied in red blood cells (RBCs) preincubated with different concentrations of EOF extract. The study highlighted that EOF effectively protected the RBCs from oxidative damage by decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in RBC and increasing glutathione (GSH) [48].…”