Metabolomic Analysis of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent threats to oral health as the most common cause of tooth loss. In order to perform e ective treatment, a clinical test that detect sites where disease activity is high and predicts periodontal tissue destruction is strongly desired, however, it is still di cult to prognose the periodontal tissue breakdown on the basis of conventional methods. e aim of this study is to examine the usefulness of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which could eventually be used for on-site analysis of metabolites in gingival crevicular uid (GCF) in order to objectively diagnose periodontitis at a molecular level. GCF samples were collected from two diseased sites (one site with a moderate pocket and another site with a deep pocket) from each patient and from clinically healthy sites of volunteers. Nineteen metabolites were identi ed using GC/MS. Total ion current chromatograms showed broad differences in metabolite peak patterns between GCF samples obtained from healthy sites, moderate-pocket sites, and deep-pocket sites. e intensity di erence of some metabolites was signi cant at sites with deep pockets compared to healthy sites. Additionally, metabolite intensities at moderate-pocket sites showed an intermediate pro le between the severely diseased sites and healthy sites, which suggested that periodontitis progression could be observed with a changing metabolite pro le. Principal component analysis con rmed these observations by clearly delineating healthy sites and sites with deep pockets. ese results suggest that metabolomic analysis of GCF could be useful for prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease in a single visit from a patient and provides the groundwork for establishing a new, on-site diagnostic method for periodontitis.

Analysis of metabolic profiles of generalized aggressive periodontitis

“…In previous studies, saliva, serum and gingival cervical fluid were confirmed to demonstrate molecular changes during the development of chronic periodontitis. Many metabolites associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue degradation and bacterial metabolism were found significantly elevated in periodontal disease …”

Host‐microbe interactions: Profiles in the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome

“…Untargeted metabolomics has been used to distinguish the metabolic signature of individuals with periodontal disease from that of healthy individuals . In addition, metabolic profiles have been used to discriminate between various stages and progression of periodontal disease.…”

Current Status of Proteomic Technologies for Discovering and Identifying Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Periodontal Disease

“…Ozeki et al [48] reported on the efficacy of GC/MS that could be used to detect metabolites in GCF. GCF samples were collected from two diseased sites from each patient and from clinically healthy sites of volunteers.…”

“…GCF samples were collected from two diseased sites from each patient and from clinically healthy sites of volunteers. Overall, 19 metabolites were identified using GC/MS [48]. Total ion current chromatograms showed broad differences in the metabolite peak patterns between GCF samples obtained from healthy, moderate-, and deep-pocket sites.…”

“…Total ion current chromatograms showed broad differences in the metabolite peak patterns between GCF samples obtained from healthy, moderate-, and deep-pocket sites. The intensity difference of some metabolites was significant at deep-pocket sites compared with that at healthy sites [48]. Metabolite intensities at moderate-pocket sites showed an intermediate profile between severely diseased and healthy sites [48].…”