Metabolomic analysis reveals the relationship between AZI1 and sugar signaling in systemic acquired resistance of Arabidopsis

Wang, Xiaoyan; Li, Dian-Zhen; Li, Qi; Ma, Ying; Yao, Jing-Wen; Huang, Xuan; Xu, Zi-Qin

doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.016

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…A reduction of several amino acids in systemic leaves was also observed by Wang et al . 44 , whereas Návarova et al . 45 did not find reduced amino acid levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primed primary metabolism in systemic leaves: a functional systems analysis

Schwachtje

Fischer

Erban

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Plants evolved mechanisms to counteract bacterial infection by preparing yet uninfected systemic tissues for an enhanced defense response, so-called systemic acquired resistance or priming responses. Primed leaves express a wide range of genes that enhance the defense response once an infection takes place. While hormone-driven defense signalling and defensive metabolites have been well studied, less focus has been set on the reorganization of primary metabolism in systemic leaves. Since primary metabolism plays an essential role during defense to provide energy and chemical building blocks, we investigated changes in primary metabolism at RNA and metabolite levels in systemic leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants that were locally infected with Pseudomonas syringae. Known defense genes were still activated 3–4 days after infection. Also primary metabolism was significantly altered. Nitrogen (N)-metabolism and content of amino acids and other N-containing metabolites were significantly reduced, whereas the organic acids fumarate and malate were strongly increased. We suggest that reduction of N-metabolites in systemic leaves primes defense against bacterial infection by reducing the nutritional value of systemic tissue. Increased organic acids serve as quickly available metabolic resources of energy and carbon-building blocks for the production of defense metabolites during subsequent secondary infections.

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“…A reduction of several amino acids in systemic leaves was also observed by Wang et al . 44 , whereas Návarova et al . 45 did not find reduced amino acid levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primed primary metabolism in systemic leaves: a functional systems analysis

Schwachtje

Fischer

Erban

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…This can include activation of resistance (R)-genes and programmed cell death and autophagy as pro-survival mechanisms (Jones and Dangl, 2006;Dodds and Rathjen, 2010;Cui et al, 2015). Recently, signaling molecules such as sugars and hormones, protein kinases, and transcription factors were implicated in the switch between growth and defense upon pathogen perception (Wang et al, 2016;Filipe et al, 2018). The studies below unveil a prominent role in this switch also for SnRK1 and TOR, which contribute to balancing defense and growth in response to diverse biotic stresses.…”

Section: Responses To Biotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

SnRK1 and TOR: modulating growth–defense trade-offs in plant stress responses

Margalha

Confraria

Baena-González

2019

Journal of Experimental Botany

133

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The evolutionarily conserved protein kinase complexes SnRK1 and TOR are central metabolic regulators essential for plant growth, development, and stress responses. They are activated by opposite signals, and the outcome of their activation is, in global terms, antagonistic. Similarly to their yeast and animal counterparts, SnRK1 is activated by the energy deficit often associated with stress to restore homeostasis, while TOR is activated in nutrient-rich conditions to promote growth. Recent evidence suggests that SnRK1 represses TOR in plants, revealing evolutionary conservation also in their crosstalk. Given their importance for integrating environmental information into growth and developmental programs, these signaling pathways hold great promise for reducing the growth penalties caused by stress. Here we review the literature connecting SnRK1 and TOR to plant stress responses. Although SnRK1 and TOR emerge mostly as positive regulators of defense and growth, respectively, the outcome of their activities in plant growth and performance is not always straightforward. Manipulation of both pathways under similar experimental setups, as well as further biochemical and genetic analyses of their molecular and functional interaction, is essential to fully understand the mechanisms through which these two metabolic pathways contribute to stress responses, growth, and development.

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“…Carbohydrates are among the cheapest, most abundantly available and sustainable potential priming compound classes, and besides being central in the primary metabolism, they also exert critical signaling roles in various plant developmental processes and stress responses [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. It is well-established that sugars contribute to plant immune mechanisms [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], and these observations led to the definition of the term “sweet immunity”, referring to the involvement of sugar metabolism and signaling in boosting plant defense responses [ 43 ]. A number of structural carbohydrates, such as pectin-derived oligogalacturonides (OGs), cellobiose (disaccharide of cellulose), β-1,3 glucans, chitin ( n -acetyl glucosamine polymer) and its deacetylated derivative chitosan, were already shown to effectively increase plant resistance in different plant-pathogen interactions via exogenous application [ 20 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweet Immunity: The Effect of Exogenous Fructans on the Susceptibility of Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) to Venturia inaequalis

Svara

Tarkowski

Rensburg

et al. 2020

IJMS

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There is an urgent need for novel, efficient and environmentally friendly strategies to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), for the purpose of reducing overall pesticide use. Fructans are recently emerging as promising “priming” compounds, standing out for their safety and low production costs. The objective of this work was to test a fructan-triggered defense in the leaves of apple seedlings. It was demonstrated that exogenous leaf spraying can reduce the development of apple scab disease symptoms. When evaluated macroscopically and by V. inaequalis-specific qPCR, levan-treated leaves showed a significant reduction of sporulation and V. inaequalis DNA in comparison to mock- and inulin-treated leaves, comparable to the levels in fosetyl-aluminum-treated leaves. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction of in vitro mycelial growth of V. inaequalis on plates supplemented with levans when compared to controls, indicating a direct inhibition of fungal growth. Variations in endogenous sugar contents in the leaves were followed during priming and subsequent infection, revealing complex dynamics as a function of time and leaf ontogeny. Our data are discussed in view of the present theories on sugar signaling and fructan-based immunity, identifying areas for future research and highlighting the potential use of fructans in apple scab management in orchards.

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Metabolomic analysis reveals the relationship between AZI1 and sugar signaling in systemic acquired resistance of Arabidopsis

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

Primed primary metabolism in systemic leaves: a functional systems analysis

Primed primary metabolism in systemic leaves: a functional systems analysis

SnRK1 and TOR: modulating growth–defense trade-offs in plant stress responses

Sweet Immunity: The Effect of Exogenous Fructans on the Susceptibility of Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) to Venturia inaequalis

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