Metabolomic Approach for Age Discrimination of Panax ginseng Using UPLC-Q-Tof MS

Kim, Nahyun; Kim, Kemok; Choi, Byung-Il; Lee, Donghyuk; Shin, Yoo-Soo; Bang, Kyong-Hwan; Cha, Seon‐Woo; Lee, Jae Won; Choi, Hyung‐Kyoon; Jang, Dae Sik; Lee, Dong‐Ho

doi:10.1021/jf201718r

Cited by 96 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We proposed one potential marker substance was isolated from six-year-old red ginseng and identified by NMR spectroscopic analyses. As previously mentioned, age discrimination of ginseng samples has been studied previously, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] but only considered fresh ginseng; this is the first report of marker substances for the discrimination of four-and six-year-old red ginseng. These results are also helpful for quality control and standardization and to provide a scientific basis for pharmacological research of red ginseng.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The accurate determination of the cultivation age of ginseng is a very important problem in the market, although the cultivation age of ginseng can hardly be determined by the physical appearance alone, such as by the number of stem vestiges in rhizome. 5) In recent years, attempts have been made to overcome this difficulty in discriminating between the two categories of products using metabolomics by various instrumental methods such as NMR, [6][7][8] GC-MS 9,10) and LC-MS. 11,12) However, the studies regarding red ginseng were unable to produce reliable results. In this study, we focused on reliable methods to discriminate the cultivation ages of red ginseng for quality control and prevention of adulteration of the market.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Four- and Six-Year-Old Red Ginseng (<i>Panax ginseng</i>) Using UPLC-QToF-MS

Shin

Park

et al. 2016

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER is one of the most popular medicinal herbs in Asia and the chemical constituents are changed by processing methods such as steaming or sun drying. Metabolomic analysis was performed to distinguish age discrimination of four-and six-year-old red ginseng using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) with multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear discrimination between extracts of red ginseng of different ages and suggest totally six discrimination markers (two for four-year-old and four for six-year-old red ginseng). Among these, one marker was isolated and the structure determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis was 13-cis-docosenamide (marker 6-1) from six-year-old red ginseng. This is the first report of a metabolomic study regarding the age differentiation of red ginseng using UPLC-QToF-MS and determination of the structure of the marker. These results will contribute to the quality control and standardization as well as provide a scientific basis for pharmacological research on red ginseng.Key words Panax ginseng; red ginseng; multivariate analysis; ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS); metabolomics; 13-cis-docosenamide Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER) is one of the most widely used and acclaimed herbs in the world.1-3) Traditionally, the root of P. ginseng, the most used and valuable part, is physically subdivided into three groups; the main root, lateral root, and root hairs.1) It has already been reported that the chemical constituents and efficacy of each part of the ginseng root are quite different.1) It has been processed to make white ginseng (by air-drying the roots after peeling or not peeling) and red ginseng (by steaming the roots at 98-100°C without peeling) to enhance its preservation and efficacy. Red ginseng is more common as an herbal medicine, because steaming induces changes in the chemical constituents and enhances the biological activities of ginseng. 4)P. ginseng is generally cultivated for four or six years in the field before harvest. Thus, four and six year cultivated P. ginseng is a common item in the Korean ginseng market. However, six year cultivated P. ginseng and products thereof (including white ginseng and red ginseng) are produced and consumed much more than others. Because the cultivation age and harvest season have a significant effect on the quality and efficacy of ginseng, products of six year cultivated P. ginseng are also more expensive than products of four year cultivated P. ginseng. Additionally, a low survival rate and higher cultivation costs contribute to the expensive price of six year cultivated P. ginseng. The accurate determination of the cultivation age of ginseng is a very important problem in the market, although the cultivation age of ginseng can hardly be determined by the physical appearance alone, such as by the number of stem vestiges in rhizome. 5)In recent years, ...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Four- and Six-Year-Old Red Ginseng (<i>Panax ginseng</i>) Using UPLC-QToF-MS

Shin

Park

et al. 2016

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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“…Metabolomics has also been used in the quality control of medicinal plants (Kim et al, 2011). An ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS)-based metabolomic technique was applied for the metabolite profiling of 60 Panax ginseng samples of 1 to 6year-old plants.…”

Section: Hplc-hrmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Characterization of Polyphenols Using Liquid Chromatography

Lamuela‐Raventós

Vallverdú‐Queralt

Jáuregui

et al. 2014

Polyphenols in Plants

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“…In general, both quantitative and qualitative research methods have been adapted for the authentication, quality assessment, and age assessment of ginseng species. However, only biological and chemical methods can provide accurate data to quantitatively identify and evaluate ginseng [14], [15], [16], [17]. Qualitative identifications of CMMs have been performed using imaging techniques by employing light and scanning electron microscopy [18], [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of ginseng root using quantitative X-ray microtomography

Xue

Wang

et al. 2017

Journal of Ginseng Research

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BackgroundThe use of X-ray phase-contrast microtomography for the investigation of Chinese medicinal materials is advantageous for its nondestructive, in situ, and three-dimensional quantitative imaging properties.MethodsThe X-ray phase-contrast microtomography quantitative imaging method was used to investigate the microstructure of ginseng, and the phase-retrieval method is also employed to process the experimental data. Four different ginseng samples were collected and investigated; these were classified according to their species, production area, and sample growth pattern.ResultsThe quantitative internal characteristic microstructures of ginseng were extracted successfully. The size and position distributions of the calcium oxalate cluster crystals (COCCs), important secondary metabolites that accumulate in ginseng, are revealed by the three-dimensional quantitative imaging method. The volume and amount of the COCCs in different species of the ginseng are obtained by a quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional microstructures, which shows obvious difference among the four species of ginseng.ConclusionThis study is the first to provide evidence of the distribution characteristics of COCCs to identify four types of ginseng, with regard to species authentication and age identification, by X-ray phase-contrast microtomography quantitative imaging. This method is also expected to reveal important relationships between COCCs and the occurrence of the effective medicinal components of ginseng.

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Metabolomic Approach for Age Discrimination of Panax ginseng Using UPLC-Q-Tof MS

Cited by 96 publications

References 28 publications

Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Four- and Six-Year-Old Red Ginseng (<i>Panax ginseng</i>) Using UPLC-QToF-MS

Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Four- and Six-Year-Old Red Ginseng (<i>Panax ginseng</i>) Using UPLC-QToF-MS

Improved Characterization of Polyphenols Using Liquid Chromatography

Identification of ginseng root using quantitative X-ray microtomography

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