Metabolomic Profiling of Citrus unshiu during Different Stages of Fruit Development

Kim, Sang Suk; Kim, Hyun‐Jin; Park, Kyung Jin; Kang, Seok Beom; Park, YoSup; Han, Seong-Gab; Kim, Mi-Sun; Song, Yeong Hun; Kim, Dong-Shin

doi:10.3390/plants11070967

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The metabolites detected in C. depressa fruits were consistent with those previously reported [5,12]. Metabolites such as sugars and sugar alcohols (glucose, galactose, and myo-inositol), organic acids (isocitrate, succinate, and 2-oxoglutaric acid), amino acids (alanine, valine, glycine, serine, threonine, and proline), and lipophilic compounds (octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid) are also reported in other citrus species, including pummelo, navel orange, ponkan, grapefruit, Satsuma mandarin, and lemon [22][23][24][25][26]. The metabolite composition of citrus fruits differs depending on their genetic variability, including differences in varieties and cultivation lines [5,18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan

Tamura

Aono

Kusano

et al. 2023

Foods

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Citrus depressa Hayata is a small-fruit citrus species; it is indigenous to Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan. The metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that affect the flavor of its fruits have not been investigated based on geographical origin. In the present study, we investigated the metabolite and VOC profiles of 18 C. depressa cultivation lines from these regions. Multivariate analysis revealed differences in the metabolites of C. depressa based on its cultivation origins; variations in sugar, sugar alcohol, and amino acid contents were also observed. Fruits from Kagoshima and Okinawa had higher galactinol, trehalose, xylose, glucose, and sucrose intensities than fruits from Taiwan (log2-fold change; 2.65–3.44, 1.68–2.13, 1.37–2.01, 1.33–1.57, and 1.07–1.43, respectively), whereas the Taiwanese lines contained higher leucine, isoleucine, serine, and alanine. In contrast to the Taiwanese Nantou line, other cultivation lines had comparable total VOC contents, and the VOCs of all lines were dominated by limonene, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. Accordingly, the highest VOC intensities were recorded in the Nantou line, which was followed by Shikunin sweet (Kagoshima) and Taoyuan (Taiwan) (log10 normalize concentration; 5.11, 3.08, and 3.01, respectively). Moreover, multivariate analysis plots elucidated the difference in the VOCs of Ishikunibu (Okinawa), Shikunin sweet, and Taoyuan and between those of most Kagoshima and Okinawa cultivation lines. These results suggest that both the cultivation line and origin influence the metabolites and VOCs of C. depressa, thus possibly affecting its flavor quality; the data provide a valuable insight for utilizing C. depressa of different cultivation lines and origins to produce foods and beverages.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan

Tamura

Aono

Kusano

et al. 2023

Foods

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“…The primary and secondary metabolites of C. unshiu have been identified as flavonoids and terpenoids, which included limonoids, carotenoids, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Chalcone synthase and isomerase convert p-coumaroyl-CoA into naringenin to produce flavonoids involved in the plant defense response ( Ledesma-Escobar et al., 2019 ; Kim et al., 2022 ). The most significant metabolites in DF_DT including betaine, hexose phosphate, tyramine, and kynurenine were up-regulated ( Figure 7 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic analyses provide insights into the preharvest rind disorder in Satsuma Owari Mandarin

Pervaiz,

Park,

Rezk

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Citrus fruit’s appearance is the primary criterion used to assess its quality for the fresh market, hence the rind’s condition is a crucial quality trait. Pre-harvest rind disorder is one of the major physiological problems in mandarins. The disorder occurs right before harvest following rain events in some Mandarin varieties. Despite the economic damage caused by this kind of disorder, very limited information is available about the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of this disorder. In the present study, we evaluated the primary metabolites, antioxidants, and hormones associated with the pre-harvest rind disorder in Mandarins. The study was carried out using ten-year-old ‘Owari’ Satsuma mandarin trees grafted on ‘Carrizo’ rootstock and grown in a commercial orchard in San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Samples were collected from healthy tissue of healthy fruit (HF_HT), healthy tissue of damaged fruit (DF_HT), and damaged tissue of damaged fruit (DF_DT). Damaged fruit (DF_HT and DF_DT) showed lower cellulose concentrations than healthy fruit tissues (HF_HT), however, had similar contents of pectin and hemicellulose. The antioxidant activities showed no significant difference in all paired comparisons between samples as expressed in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. However, DF_DT had a higher H2O2 content compared to HF_HT, but DF_HT had a similar content to that of HF_HT. Furthermore, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were increased in DF_DT compared to HF_HT (P = 0.0294) and DF_HT (P = 0.0044), respectively. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that a total of 76 metabolites were identified in Satsuma rind tissues, and the relative concentrations of 43 metabolites were significantly different across studied samples. The hormonal analysis showed the involvement of jasmonate O-methyltransferase, jasmonic acid-amido synthetase JAR1-like, and JA-isoleucine may key role in causing the rind disorder in mandarins. In addition, the damaged fruit tissues have a higher level of jasmonic acid (JA), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and JA-isoleucine than undamaged tissue.

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“…This may be due to the suppression of sweetness by the bitter compounds, including γ-terpinene, β-phellandrene, m-cymene, β-myrcene, valencene, limonene, linalool, nomilin, limonin, and zapoterin, which were increased by the other cultivation methods, and previous studies have reported that sweetness can be suppressed by bitterness [59]. In addition, cultivation-dependent changes in these metabolite profiles, which have various health benefits [1,4], may affect the quality and extent of the health benefits of citrus fruits; however, these functional properties were not investigated in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Citrus fruits, which are among the most important fruit crops globally [1], have a distinctive flavor profile and have attracted research attention with regard to their potential health benefits, including improved gut health, obesity management, diabetes mitigation, and cardiovascular disease prevention [1][2][3]. These flavor attributes and health-promoting properties are attributed to phytochemicals, including sugars, organic acids, flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenes [4]. The phytochemical profiles of citrus fruits depend on numerous factors, including the variety [5], growing region [6], postharvest treatment [7], storage conditions [8], and environmental growing conditions [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu)

Jeong,

Kim,

Kim

et al. 2024

Horticulturae

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Citrus fruits have a distinctive flavor and can convey health benefits because of their unique phytochemicals. Phytochemical profiles are influenced by many factors, including variety and environmental growing conditions; however, the effect of the cultivation methods on the phytochemical profile of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) has received little attention. In this study, we examined the relationships between the cultivation conditions, sensory quality, and phytochemical profiles of C. unshiu cultivated using four methods: open field, greenhouse, film mulching, and tunnel farming. The soil water content differed significantly between the cultivation methods and showed a strong positive correlation with sourness, bitterness, and astringency and a strong negative correlation with sweetness. The metabolites of C. unshiu were not associated with the soil water content but with the soil mineral content, including nitrogen (N+), phosphorus (P+), and potassium (K+). The soil P+ and K+ content was positively correlated with most secondary metabolites. The relative abundance of sugars did not differ significantly between the cultivation methods; however, the sweetness was higher under film mulching than under the other cultivation methods because of the suppression of sweetness by bitter compounds. We did not investigate the effect of other growing conditions, such as sunlight; however, the results improve our understanding of the effect of cultivation methods on the quality of C. unshiu and may inform crucial decisions concerning citrus cultivation.

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Metabolomic Profiling of Citrus unshiu during Different Stages of Fruit Development

Cited by 21 publications

References 50 publications

Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan

Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan

Metabolomic analyses provide insights into the preharvest rind disorder in Satsuma Owari Mandarin

Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu)

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