Metabolomic profiling of Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaf extract with antioxidant and antibacterial activity on Aeromonas hydrophila growth

Abstract

Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) is a Kalimantan tidal swamp plant that is potent to treat Aeromonas hydrophila infection. This study aimed to determine the potential of Jeruju leaf extract as antioxidant and antibacterial agents to inhibit A. hydrophila growth. The research method included the sampling of Jeruju leaves in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Then, the extracted sample was macerated with ethanol. The sample extracts were screened for phytochemical (Harborne) and metabolomic profiles (liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry). The profile of compounds in the extract predicted biological activity using PASS server. Furthermore, the extracts were assayed for antibacterial activity (well diffusion and broth dilution), antioxidant activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total phenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu). The phytochemical screening showed that the Jeruju leaves' ethanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids, and steroids. The metabolomic profiling was dominated by betaine (41.61%) and choline (40.27%). The prediction of biological activity showed that the Jeruju leaf extract acted as a peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase enzyme inhibitor, DNA synthesis inhibitor, and free radical scavenger. The Jeruju leaf extract can inhibit A. hydrophila growth on glutamate starch phenol agar (9.09%). The ethanol extract of Jeruju leaves showed very strong antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 49.73 ± 1.14 µg/ml and 70.31% DPPH scavenging effect at 96 µg/ml), with a total phenol content of 32,667 ± 1,778.58 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry extract. These research findings provide potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities for Jeruju (A. ilicifolius) leaves' ethanol extract for inhibiting A. hydrophila growth.

Anti-pathogenicity of Acanthus ilicifolius leaf extracts against A. hydrophila infection in Labeo rohita fingerlings

“…Leaf extracts of the selected mangrove plant has bioactive secondary metabolites considerably responsible for the anti-pathogenic activity. In similar with the present findings, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, were reported in the methanol (Ganesh and Vennila 2011 ; Pothiraj et al 2021 ) and ethanol extract (Aisiah et al 2022 ) of A.ilicifolius . Tannins, alkaloids and steroids inhibit the bacterial pathogenicity by inactivating bacterial adhesion cells, disrupting cell membrane composition and DNA synthesis, flavonoids and phenols scavenge the free radicals released during infection (Dewanto et al 2019 ).…”

“…Medicinal flora and mangroves in specific are used in traditional practices of disease control and are therapeutic agents for ulcers, diabetes, tumors, skin diseases, inflammation etc. (Mitra et al 2021 ), A.ilicifolius exhibit anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory (Aisiah et al 2022 ), Excoecaria agallocha ; antioxidant, anti-filarial, antiviral (Abeysinghe 2010 ), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ; anti-analgesic, antioxidant, anti-diarrhoeal (Mahmud et al 2017 ).…”

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and Wound Healing Properties of Leaf Extracts of Acanthus Ilicifolius L.

“…DPPH activity of methanolic extract with IC50 value of 30µg/mg has been reported previously [16]. Another similar work using methanolic extract also reports high DPPH inhibition with IC50 of 49.73±1.14ug/ml [18]. Further, this extract showed antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.…”

“…Our phytochemical analysis showed the maximum amount of phenols and flavonoids in the methanolic leaf extract. A recent report also shows high levels of phenols in methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius [18]. The presence of these compounds could be the reason for the highest inhibition of DPPH observed in methanolic extract.…”

The Ameliorating Effect of Artificial Coffee from Mangrove Fruits (Rhizophora mucronata) on T Lymphocyte Cells and Renal Histopathology of BALB/c Mice Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

“…Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the DPPH method (Aisiah et al, 2022). Mangrove fruit artificial coffee was dissolved in ethanol (200 µg/mL) and then diluted to a concentration series of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µg/mL.…”