Metabolomics analysis of the effects of different litter size on reproductive metabolism and oxidative stress in breeding pigeon (Columba livia)

Optimal dietary energy and protein levels for breeding pigeons in the winter "2 + 3" lactation pattern

“…In particular, squabs have inadequate feather cover during the early stages of development and experience compromised thermoregulatory capacity, thus relying on the shelter provided by the breeding pigeons in colder temperatures ( Shan et al, 2019 ). Previous work also showed that the mortality rate of squabs was significantly higher in winter when the litter size was too high, and the growth rate and intestinal development of squabs were hindered ( Zhang et al, 2023 ). This finding suggests that the "2 + 3" breeding pattern is more suitable for practical production during harsher winter months.…”