Metabolomics of endemic sixAstragalusspecies by combined NMR and GC‐MS analysis

Abstract

Introduction Astragalus anthylloides, A. dipsaceus, A. karamasicus, A. lycius, A. sigmoideus and A. xylobasis var. angustus are an endemic and generally grow in the Irano‐Turanian phytogeographic region of Turkey. Astragalus species contain saponins, polysaccharides, and phenolics, while the toxic compounds include imidazoline alkaloids, nitro toxins, and selenium derivatives. Objectives To apply a combined metabolomic fingerprinting approach by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) of endemic six Astragalus species extract. Methodology The whole plant collected in Turkey of six endemic Astragalus subsp. were dried and then extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, n‐butanol and methanol solvents, respectively. The hexane extracts were analyzed by GC‐MS. Carbon‐13 (13C)‐NMR analyzes of all extracts were performed. In both analyses, a biomarker was obtained. Results The hexane extracts were determined as palmitic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, and linolenic acid as the main components. As a result of 13C‐NMR analyzes, in hexane, chloroform, and ethylacetate the extracts detected were palmitic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, and linolenic acid. d‐Pinitol was obtained using 13C‐NMR analyzes with n‐butanol and methanol extracts. Conclusion This study demonstrated that d‐pinitol is a biomarker for the endemic six Astragalus subsp.

Alleviation of liver cirrhosis and associated portal-hypertension by Astragalus species in relation to their UPLC-MS/MS metabolic profiles: a mechanistic study

“…Compound 52 generating a molecular ion [M–H] − at m/z 279.44 and a fragment ion in MS/MS spectrum at m/z 261.42 due to loss of H 2 O, was identified as linoleic acid, while compound 53 with an extra 15.03 Da was characterized as linoleic acid methyl ester. Meanwhile, compound 48 producing molecular ion at m/z 277.42 and a fragment ion at m/z 259.4, which are 2 Da lower than those of linoleic acid, was proposed to be linolenic acid 34 , 52 .…”

“…Compound 54 showed fragment ions at 264.45 [M- 31.03] − due to loss of methoxy group, and at m/z 221.4 corresponding to loss of McLafferty ion which is characteristic to methyl esters 34 . Meanwhile, compound 56 , with a respective mass of m/z 339.58 [M−H] − , was annotated as behenic acid with MS 2 fragment ions appearing at m/z 321.56 and 295.57 suggestive for the loss of H 2 O and CO 2 , respectively 52 .…”

Phytochemicals, Essential Oils Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Astragalus spp., Phlomis olivieri and Daphne mucronata in Habitats of Central Iran

“…Similar to these findings, a previous study showed that the EOs of most Astragalus species contained phytol, eicosane, and hexadecanoic acid. [19] Other constituents such as palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and linolenic acid [23] reportedly existed in the EOs of most Astragalus species. Phthalate, as a lipophilics compound, was found in A. adscendence (59.88 %) (Table 1).…”

Metabolite Profile of Xylem Sap in Cotton Seedlings Is Changed by K Deficiency

“…LC-MS-based metabolomics approaches are widely used to profile complex biological extracts such as those from plants (Shimizu et al, 2018;Feussner and Feussner, 2019), being of particular importance for non-targeted plant metabolomics, mainly due to the plant kingdoms' rich metabolite diversity (Gorrochategui et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2019). Compared to other analytical techniques, the main advantages of LC-MS are that it can cover a wide chemical diversity and a wide dynamic range; it is a complementary analytical technique to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-MS in metabolomics studies (Anderson et al, 2020;Yaglioglu et al, 2020). The traditional untargeted LC-MS device consists of an LC with a reverse-phase chromatography (RPC) column (with an inner diameter of 2.1 or 4.6 mm) for analyses in front of a mass spectrometer.…”