Metacognition, perseverative thinking, and pain catastrophizing: A moderated‐mediation analysis

Abstract

Background Pain catastrophizing is linked to a range of negative health and treatment outcomes, although debate continues about how best to define and treat it, since most interventions produce only modest benefit. This study aimed to contribute to theory‐driven development of these treatments by exploring the role of perseverative thinking in pain catastrophizing, along with the higher order beliefs, called metacognitions that might shape it. Methods An Internet sample of 510 people with chronic pain (≥3 months), who mostly (54.9%) had clinical levels of catastrophizing, completed self‐report measures of pain intensity, disability, perseverative thinking, pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, and pain metacognition. Regression‐based moderated mediation analysis tested the conditional indirect effect of pain intensity on pain catastrophizing via perseverative thinking at varying levels of unhelpful pain metacognition. Results Perseverative thinking partially mediated the effect of pain intensity on pain catastrophizing, accounting for 20% of the total effect. This indirect effect was conditional on both positive and negative metacognition. Higher levels of both forms of unhelpful metacognition strengthened the indirect effect, which was not significant below the 50th percentile for positive metacognitions or below the 60th percentile for negative metacognitions. Conclusions Strongly believing that thinking about pain helps you solve problems or cope with pain (positive metacognition), or that it is harmful and uncontrollable (negative metacognition), can increase the amount you worry or ruminate as pain increases. This is associated with increased pain catastrophizing. Identifying and modifying these unhelpful pain metacognitions may improve treatments for pain catastrophizing and thereby chronic pain generally. Significance This study shows that perseverative thinking (worry and rumination) mediates the relationship between pain intensity and catastrophizing. Consistent with metacognitive theory, this association is also moderated by unhelpful beliefs about worry and rumination. Pain metacognitions could become new therapeutic targets to help improve psychological treatments for pain‐related distress, which are currently only modestly effective.

Understanding Pain Catastrophizing: Putting Pieces Together

“…Recent studies support the importance of the metacognitive aspect of rumination when characterizing pain catastrophizing (Schütze, 2016;Schütze et al, 2020). Many pain patients with high levels of catastrophizing believe that rumination help to solve problems and to prepare handling future threats, even when the sense of uncontrollability over ruminative thoughts produces negative consequences on mental health (Schütze et al, 2017).…”

Low-Intensity Physical Exercise Improves Pain Catastrophizing and Other Psychological and Physical Aspects in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…One of the psychological alterations that has been associated with FM is pain catastrophizing, a specific psychosocial construct of pain, which includes cognitive and emotional processing, sense of helplessness, pessimism, and rumination about pain-related symptoms [2]. Pain catastrophizing has been associated with pain severity and disability [3], which is being considered a risk factor for pain chronification [4].…”

Metacogniciones sobre el dolor, la funcionalidad y la intensidad del dolor en mujeres con fibromialgia

“…Although the results have not found a direct effect of positive Metacognitions on functionality, coping or pain intensity, it cannot be said that these types of cognitions do not have final effects on the pain experience process, since, as can be seen in the model, this variable does generate an impact on the variables: Negative metacognitions and Self-efficacy to pain, that is, it can be stated that in this study its effect may be indirect on them. In contrast to this directionality of the effect, in their recent publication, Schütze et al (2020) has suggested that pain intensity may have an influence on positive Metacognitions, although this directionality of effect was not considered in this study.…”