Metacognitive improvement: Disentangling adaptive training from experimental confounds.

Abstract

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Learning with certainty in childhood

“…However, there is limited causal evidence of modified certainty judgments transferring from one domain to another. Adults in one training study had better calibrated certainty in a recognition memory task after receiving certainty calibration training on a perceptual brightness task [59] (see also [60]), but this has failed to replicate when fixing methodological confounds [61].…”

“…The few studies with children also show mixed results. Individual differences in sensitivity to certainty correlate across domains by 4 to 8 years of age, with stronger evidence of transfer after 6 years [45,61]. Children aged 6 to 9 years who were more sensitive to certainty about number comparisons (e.g., "which group has more dots?")…”

Metacognitive domains are not aligned along a dimension of internal-external information source

“…In order to understand whether metacognitive training should be tailored to the specific domain of interest, or whether training in one domain can transfer to others, it is crucial to understand the relationships between domains. The evidence for cross-domain effects of metacognitive training is scarce and mixed, as some studies have presented evidence that improvements in metacognitive monitoring (but not first-order performance) might transfer between retinotopic locations (Schwiedrzik et al, 2011) and between metacognition of memory and visual perception (Carpenter et al, 2019), the latter has been contested (Rouy et al, 2022).…”

Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis

“…As another example, delivering feedback to improve confidence calibration over a period of two weeks shows promise in elevating metacognitive efficiency, not only on the trained task, but also more broadly (Carpenter et al, 2019). However, recent work suggests that the incentives underpinning this intervention primarily acted upon the way that confidence was communicated via a confidence scale (Rouy et al, 2022) -perhaps at the level of a private-public mapping, rather than at the level of propositional confidence formation. Such an intervention may still be useful in social situations where public confidence estimates are being pooled across observers, but less useful in cases in which propositional confidence is being used for intrapersonal control.…”