“…Metals and metallic oxides are the materials most often employed to produce nanoparticles (NPs), whose notable physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties sustain their application for different products for everyday use (Avramescu et al, 2020; Solano et al, 2021; Subramaniam et al, 2018; Vance et al, 2015; Yang et al, 2009). Materials on a nanometric scale (100 nm in one of its dimensions) have a greater capacity for cellular penetration and interaction with biomolecules, which intensify the direct or indirect toxicity of the NPs over biological systems (Avramescu et al, 2020; Barhoum et al, 2022; Doak et al, 2012; Parihar et al, 2018; Singh, 2018; Subramaniam et al, 2018; Yang et al, 2009).…”