Metal-based gels: Synthesis, properties, and applications

Picci, Giacomo; Caltagirone, Claudia; Garau, Alessandra; Lippolis, Vito; Milia, Jessica; Steed, Jonathan W.

doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215225

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…To overcome these processability limitations, a promising approach is to stabilize these polymeric chains in the form of metallogels, easier to shape and process, 34 while preserving their targeted responsive properties. 35–38 In particular, some groups have taken advantage of this strategy by designing ligands with long lipophilic alkyl chains, in order to promote the gelation of polymeric Fe II triazolate chains exhibiting spin-crossover effects. 39,40…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation and control of metallogel formation for the deposition of supramolecular nanotubes of single-chain magnets

Houard,

Olivier,

Cucinotta

et al. 2024

J. Mater. Chem. C

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation and control of metallogel formation for the deposition of supramolecular nanotubes of single-chain magnets

Houard,

Olivier,

Cucinotta

et al. 2024

J. Mater. Chem. C

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“…One of the key offshoots arising from the creation of flexible and adaptable soft scaffolds is supramolecular gels, guided by the intricate interplay of non-covalent interactions. 1–4 This complex network relies on the participation of hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, metal–ligand coordination, halogen effect, as well as hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. 5–8 These fundamental patterns collectively form supramolecular architectures that are meticulously crafted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent and stoichiometry-dependent versatile organogelation and robust crystallization from the supramolecular association of adipic acid and triethanolamine

Lepcha,

Pal,

Majumdar

et al. 2024

New J. Chem.

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“…The arrangement of the molecular interaction between the gelator molecules and entrapped solvents gets perturbed by such external stimuli, and significant changes in the associated properties of the soft materials can be observed and exploited. Various noncovalent interactions such as van der Waals, hydrophobic, dipole–dipole, and H-bonding interactions play defining roles in tuning the structures. − Although the organic gelator molecules can form organogels, the incorporation of metal ions inside them can impart some additional features to make metallogels suitable for various applications such as dye adsorption, biomaterials, catalysis, drug delivery, , material science, sensing, antimicrobial activity, artificial light-harvesting systems, semiconducting devices, − and many others. , It is also worth mentioning that in some cases, the insertion of metal in an organic system can make it prone to gel formation due to the additional force of interactions between the organic entity and metal atoms/ions (Figure ). When employing the metallogels for different functionalities, one of the crucial factors is the gel strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Gel Strength and Catalytic Performance of a Nanocomposite Catalyst by Incorporating a Reinforcing Hydrogen-Bonding Component

Nautiyal,

Kyarikwal,

Munjal

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Eng. Mater.

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The gelator molecule triethylammonium 5-(3,5-bis((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)carbamoyl)benzamido)tetrazol-1-ide (G7) has been studied in our previous work, where G7 formed an organogel, metallogels, and silver nanocomposite which was used as a catalyst for the reduction of nitroaromatics. During the catalytic study of the nanocomposite M 1 G7AgNPs, it was found that the recyclability of the catalyst decreases with the increasing number of catalytic cycles due to the aggregation of silver nanoparticles. From there, the motivation is to increase the strength of the gel network so that the synthesis of a more stabilized nanocomposite can be obtained. To increase the strength of organogel G7 and study the effect of this modification on the catalytic activity of its nanocomposite catalyst, a molecule with H-bonding donor and acceptor sites, N 2,N 4,N 6-tri(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TPTT), has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. TPTT (or T) and G7 formed a reinforced gel in a DMSO:H2O mixture and exhibited an effect of strong hydrogen bond formation on the rheological and catalytic properties of the organogel and metallogel of G7T. The combined gelator system fabricated three metallogels: M 1 G7T, M 2 G7T, and M 3 G7T (M1 = Fe(III), M2 = Cu(II), and M3 = Ag(I)). Among these, M 1 G7T has been used for the production and stability of silver nanoparticles and formed M 1 G7TAg nanocomposites. This dual metal system has been used as a catalyst to reduce nitro substituents, i.e. 4-nitrophenol, 4-nitroaniline, 2-amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile, etc., into their respective amine products. Here, during the reaction the substrate which contained adjacent nitrile and amine functional groups shows indazole formation, which is a very important part of organic transformations. The recyclability of the catalyst has been done with the conversion of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and it was found that it can be unchanged even with five repeating reactions. The organogels and metallogels of the combined G7 and T molecule show enhancement in storage modulus from 586 to 3091 Pa, showing that after the combination of the T molecule with G7, a strong hydrogen-bond interaction increases; therefore, the strength of organogels and metallogels also increases. Additionally, M 1 G7TAg demonstrates the fabrication of metallogels using G7 and T, exhibiting thixotropic behavior that is validated by time oscillation sweep studies. Therefore, the work shows major changes in the rheological properties of G7T as compared to the G7 organogel. Due to increasing strength, the stabilization of silver nanoparticles inside the metallogel network (M 1 G7T) increases, increasing the recyclability of nanocomposite catalyst M 1 G7TAg.

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Metal-based gels: Synthesis, properties, and applications

Cited by 19 publications

References 122 publications

Investigation and control of metallogel formation for the deposition of supramolecular nanotubes of single-chain magnets

Investigation and control of metallogel formation for the deposition of supramolecular nanotubes of single-chain magnets

Solvent and stoichiometry-dependent versatile organogelation and robust crystallization from the supramolecular association of adipic acid and triethanolamine

Enhancing Gel Strength and Catalytic Performance of a Nanocomposite Catalyst by Incorporating a Reinforcing Hydrogen-Bonding Component

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