Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling

Zhang, Qian; Weber, R. J.; Luxton, Todd P.; Peloquin, Derek M.; Baumann, Eric J.; Black, Marilyn

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160512

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Comparability of 3D printers' emissions with ambient air conditions seems to be relevant and generally conservative enough. In particular, Zhang et al (2023) determined the metal composition of the particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing. The concentrations of metals from 3D printing were determined to be on the low end or lower than those typically found in residential scenarios.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If we would conditionally assume, for example, that PM2.5 is a relevant metric for the carcinogenicity of 3D printer particle emissions, the average measured exposure values for all filaments, and specifically for ABS, PLA, and PETG types, are not exceeding the U.S. EPA health-based standards.Comparability of 3D printers' emissions with ambient air conditions seems to be relevant and generally conservative enough. In particular,Zhang et al (2023) determined the metal composition of the particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing. The concentrations of metals from 3D printing were determined to be on the low end or lower than those typically found in residential scenarios Kim et al (2022).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Using particle dimensionality‐based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions

Korchevskiy,

Hill,

Hull

et al. 2023

J of Applied Toxicology

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The use of 3D printing technologies by industry and consumers is expanding. However, the approaches to assess the risk of lung carcinogenesis from the emissions of 3D printers have not yet been developed.The objective of the study was to demonstrate a methodology for modeling lung cancer risk related to specific exposure levels as derived from an experimental study of 3D printer emissions for various types of filaments (ABS, PLA, and PETG).The emissions of 15 filaments were assessed at varying extrusion temperatures for a total of 23 conditions in a Class 1,000 cleanroom following procedures described by ANSI/CAN/UL 2904. Three approaches were utilized for cancer risk estimation: (a) calculation based on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, (b) a proximity assessment based on the pulmonary deposition fraction, and (c) modeling based on the mass‐weighted aerodynamic diameter of particles.The combined distribution of emitted particles had the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0.35 μm, GSD 2.25. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 25.21 μg/m3. The spline‐based function of aerodynamic diameter allowed us to reconstruct the carcinogenic potential of seven types of fine and ultrafine particles (crystalline silica, fine TiO2, ultrafine TiO2, ambient PM2.5 and PM10, diesel particulates, and carbon nanotubes) with a correlation of 0.999, P < 0.00001. The central tendency estimation of lung cancer risk for 3D printer emissions was found at the level of 14.74 cases per 10,000 workers in a typical exposure scenario (average cumulative exposure of 0.3 mg/m3 – years), with the lowest risks for PLA filaments, and the highest for PETG type.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using particle dimensionality‐based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions

Korchevskiy,

Hill,

Hull

et al. 2023

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…Obserwacja wysokiego wskaźnika emisji związków chemicznych i cząstek małych rozmiarów podczas drukowania 3D w tej technologii budzi obawy o zdrowie jej operatorów [2,3]. Druk w technologii FDM może być źródłem szkodliwych dla zdrowia cząstek stałych o średnicy głównie <100 nm, LZO i innych związków chemicznych [4].…”

Section: Wyniki Przegląduunclassified

“…Pavlovska i wsp. [10], którzy podczas 8-godzinnej zmiany ortopedów i projektantów opracowujących modele zmierzyli w strefie drukowania większej liczby drukarek 3D średnie stężenie cząstek ultradrobnych w zakresie od 4 × 10 3 do 26 × 10 3 cząstek/cm 3 .…”

Section: Substancje Chemiczne I Cząstki Stałe Emitowane Podczas Proce...unclassified

Risk assessment and toxicity effects of materials used during additive manufacturing with FDM technology

Dobrzyńska,

Chojnacka-Puchta,

Sawicka

et al. 2024

Med Pr Work Health Saf.

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Biological and Aerosol Hazards StreszczenieW artykule omówiono potencjał drukowania addytywnego, zagrożenia, jakie wynikają z jego stosowania dla zdrowia użytkowników (w tym operatorów drukarek 3D) i skutki oddziaływania substancji uwalnianych podczas tego procesu na podstawie dostępnych badań in vitro i in vivo. Wykazano, że substancje emitowane podczas drukowania z wykorzystaniem powszechnie stosowanego filamentu poli(akrylonitrylu-co-butadienu-co-styrenu) w produkcji przyrostowej mogą cechować się działaniem rakotwórczym, hepatotoksycznym i teratogennym oraz oddziaływać toksycznie na układ oddechowy. Wskazano najnowsze badania dotyczące mechanizmu powstawania cząstek stałych i lotnych związków organicznych podczas drukowania przestrzennego, parametrów wpływających na ich potencjalną emisję oraz kierunki ograniczania tych zagrożeń. Podkreślono konieczność opracowania przyjaźniejszych dla środowiska i mniej emisyjnych materiałów do druku oraz strategii prewencji i środków ochrony indywidualnej oraz zbiorowej. Użytkownicy drukarek 3D powinni poznać wszystkie możliwe aspekty zagrożeń związanych z procesem drukowania. Zbyt mała ilość danych dotyczących bezpośredniego narażenia na substancje chemiczne i cząstki stałe uwalniane podczas użytkowania filamentów utrudnia budowanie świadomości bezpiecznej pracy. Szczególnie istotny jest wpływ emitowanych związków chemicznych i cząstek stałych z materiałów poddanych obróbce termicznej w jednej z najpopularniejszych technologii druku 3D, tj. osadzania topionego materiału, na zdrowie drukujących. Narażenie użytkowników np. na dodawane do filamentów plastyfikatory następuje różnymi drogami -przez skórę oraz układy oddechowy i pokarmowy. Dostępne dane epidemiologiczne i najnowsze prace eksperymentalne wskazują, że taka ekspozycja to wysokie ryzyko chorób układu naczyniowo-sercowego i miażdżycy u dorosłych lub problemów kardiologicznych i zaburzeń metabolicznych u dzieci. Niniejszy przegląd poprzez wskazanie potencjalnych czynników ryzyka może przyczynić się do ograniczenia utraty zdrowia użytkowników drukarek i poprawy warunków oraz bezpieczeństwa pracy przede wszystkim w przedsiębiorstwach, w których wykorzystuje się technologię wytwarzania addytywnego.

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“…Despite these known health effects, indoor UFP concentrations are not currently regulated [7], making it difficult to interpret the safety of 3D printer UFP emissions. This is particularly concerning given that UFPs emitted by 3D printers contain toxic metals such as Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Co [4,8,9]. In addition to metals, 3D printer emissions contain VOCs that are IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) class 1 or 2 carcinogens and/or respiratory hazards, including styrene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, ethylbenzene, methylene chloride, methyl-methacrylate, toluene, lactide, caprolactam, and others [2,7,[10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Exposure to 3D-Printing Emissions Elicits Metabolic and Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

He,

Barnett,

Jeon

et al. 2024

Toxics

Self Cite

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Three-dimensional (3D) printer usage in household and school settings has raised health concerns regarding chemical and particle emission exposures during operation. Although the composition of 3D printer emissions varies depending on printer settings and materials, little is known about the impact that emissions from different filament types may have on respiratory health and underlying cellular mechanisms. In this study, we used an in vitro exposure chamber system to deliver emissions from two popular 3D-printing filament types, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), directly to human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) cultured in an air–liquid interface during 3D printer operation. Using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle sizer (OPS), we monitored 3D printer particulate matter (PM) emissions in terms of their particle size distribution, concentrations, and calculated deposited doses. Elemental composition of ABS and PLA emissions was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, we compared the effects of emission exposure on cell viability, inflammation, and metabolism in SAEC. Our results reveal that, although ABS filaments emitted a higher total concentration of particles and PLA filaments emitted a higher concentration of smaller particles, SAEC were exposed to similar deposited doses of particles for each filament type. Conversely, ABS and PLA emissions had distinct elemental compositions, which were likely responsible for differential effects on SAEC viability, oxidative stress, release of inflammatory mediators, and changes in cellular metabolism. Specifically, while ABS- and PLA-emitted particles both reduced cellular viability and total glutathione levels in SAEC, ABS emissions had a significantly greater effect on glutathione relative to PLA emissions. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, MMP-9, and RANTES were significantly increased due to ABS emissions exposure. While IL-6 and IL-8 were stimulated in both exposure scenarios, VEGF was exclusively increased due to PLA emissions exposures. Notably, ABS emissions induced metabolic perturbation on amino acids and energy metabolism, as well as redox-regulated pathways including arginine, methionine, cysteine, and vitamin B3 metabolism, whereas PLA emissions exposures caused fatty acid and carnitine dysregulation. Taken together, these results advance our mechanistic understanding of 3D-printer-emissions-induced respiratory toxicity and highlight the role that filament emission properties may play in mediating different respiratory outcomes.

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Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling

Cited by 12 publications

References 56 publications

Using particle dimensionality‐based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions

Using particle dimensionality‐based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions

Risk assessment and toxicity effects of materials used during additive manufacturing with FDM technology

Real-Time Exposure to 3D-Printing Emissions Elicits Metabolic and Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

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