“…As previously indicated, in addition to nicotine, ENDS usage exposes the user, including the developing conceptus, to constituents of the aerosol generated from vaporization of the base e-liquid. These include known carcinogens and toxic chemicals such as nitrosamines, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propylene glycol, glycerin and the heavy metals lead, chromium, manganese and nickel (Geiss, Bianchi, Barahona, & Barrero-Moreno, 2015;Goniewicz et al, 2014;Hess, Olmedo, Navas-Acien, et al, 2017;Logue, Sleiman, Montesinos, et al, 2017;Olmedo et al, 2018;Rawlinson, Martin, Frosina, & Wright, 2017;Sleiman, Logue, Montesinos, et al, 2016;Williams, Villarreal, Bozhilov, Lin, & Talbot, 2013), all toxic when inhaled. The apparent source of many of the heavy metals is leakage from the e-cigarette heating coils into the aerosols that users inhale (Olmedo et al, 2018).…”