Metal-free ionic liquid-derived electrocatalyst for high-performance oxygen reduction in acidic and alkaline electrolytes

Elumeeva, Karina; Antonietti, Markus; Fechler, Nina; Fellinger, Tim-P.

doi:10.1039/c4mh00123k

Cited by 78 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Using active catalysts as electrode materials is one common strategy to promote oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and for this specific purpose, many catalysts of high potential were synthesized, exhibiting highly comparable performance relative to precious Pt [3][4][5]. Despite the enormous reports on active ORR catalysts, few pay attention onto the packing models of catalytic materials for electrode, while the efficiency of mass transportation especially in ORR was reported to be another key aspect to achieve high performance [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-doped crumpled graphene: bottom-up synthesis and its superior oxygen reduction performance

Zhang

Jin

et al. 2016

Sci. China Mater.

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The crumpled graphene (CrG) was fabricated by applying defluorination of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) on highly curved surface of CaC2 particle through bottom-up synthetic strategy. The limited reaction depth between PVDF and CaC2 leads to the formation of CrG with thin layer (3−6 layer graphene) and reasonable high specific surface area (~324.8 m 2 g −1 ). CrG with N incorporation (N-CrG) was applied as electrode material for reducing oxygen (i.e., oxygen reduction reaction, ORR) in alkaline, showing close onset potential to that of Pt/C and better mass-diffusion behavior. Surprisingly, with increased mass loading of catalysts, N-CrG exhibits steady current increase while Pt/C shows clear current plateau. Meanwhile, the N-CrG sample reveals high cycling stability and tolerance to contaminant, demonstrating its high potential for practical applications. Additionally, the bottom-up synthetic pathway to CrG via polymer dehalogenation on solid alkaline may find more applications which require controlled morphology and thickness of deposited thin graphitic carbon layers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-doped crumpled graphene: bottom-up synthesis and its superior oxygen reduction performance

Zhang

Jin

et al. 2016

Sci. China Mater.

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“…As the precursors are liquids at room temperature, they can be also easily incorporated into porous templates, avoiding any high pressure techniques. Porous nitrogen doped carbons generated from these precursors do indeed show a structural inversion of the template structure, thus enabling perfect nano-casting and structural control [13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Characterization Of Ilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-step synthesis of dual-transition metal substitution on ionic liquid based N-doped mesoporous carbon for oxygen reduction reaction

Byambasuren

Jeon

et al. 2016

Carbon letters

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Nitrogen (N)-doped ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) with a dual transition metal system were synthesized as non-Pt catalysts for the ORR. The highly nitrogen doped OMCs were prepared by the precursor of ionic liquid (3-methyl-1-butylpyridine dicyanamide) for N/C species and a mesoporous silica template for the physical structure. Mostly, N-doped carbons are promoted by a single transition metal to improve catalytic activity for ORR in PEMFCs. In this study, our N-doped mesoporous carbons were promoted by the dual transition metals of iron and cobalt (Fe, Co), which were incorporated into the N-doped carbons lattice by subsequently heat treatments. All the prepared carbons were characterized by via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To evaluate the activities of synthesized doped carbons, linear sweep was recorded in an acidic solution to compare the ORR catalytic activities values for the use in the PEMFC system. The dual transition metal promotion improved the ORR activity compared with the single transition metal promotion, due to the increase in the quaternary nitrogen species from the structural change by the dual metals. The effect of different ratio of the dual metals into the N doped carbon were examined to evaluate the activities of the oxygen reduction reaction.

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“…Actually, in the great majority of publications, the authors report high performance of the ionothermal-derived porous carbons as supercapacitors. While initially nitrogen-containing ionic liquids were used as carbon precursors [109][110][111] Carbon aerogels [122] Glucose and melamine + eutectic salt mixture (LiCl/KCl) 550-1000°C 5 h (N 2 ) 387-1190 6-24% N-doping [106] More elaborated synthesis schemes have been reported, as is the case of the work developed by Chang et al [121] where organic solvents were added dropwise to molten ZnCl 2 at 550°C. By changing the solvent, the authors were able to obtain nitrogen (14%) or sulfur (13%) doped porous carbons with different morphologies (i.e.…”

Section: Ionothermal Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoporous Carbon Synthesis: An Old Story with Exciting New Chapters

Mestre¹,

Carvalho²

2018

Porosity - Process, Technologies and Applications

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Activated carbons are key materials in technological applications of multidisciplinary fields (e.g. adsorption, separation, and catalytic processes). The extensive use of these materials results from the combination of a well-developed pore network (micropores or micro + mesopores) along with the presence of heteroatoms (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur). The large scale production of nanoporous carbons is a well-established process since the first patents date from the beginning of the twentieth century. Conventional activation methodologies are divided between physical, using steam or CO 2 , and chemical, being KOH, ZnCl 2 , and H 3 PO 4 the most commonly reported oxidizing agents. Due to the panoply of operational parameters that can be changed or added in the production of activated carbons, there is still room for R&D. In this chapter, both conventional and innovative synthetic processes are reviewed to offer an up-to-date picture regarding raw materials, carbonization step, activation process, and other approaches. Conventional activation of gels and chars obtained by novel approaches (i.e. sol-gel method, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and acid-mediated carbonization) and more innovative strategies (i.e. variations of HTC process, carbonization of organic salts and ionothermal approaches) are addressed. Textural, surface chemistry and morphological properties of the derived porous carbons were reviewed and critically rationalized.

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Metal-free ionic liquid-derived electrocatalyst for high-performance oxygen reduction in acidic and alkaline electrolytes

Cited by 78 publications

References 35 publications

N-doped crumpled graphene: bottom-up synthesis and its superior oxygen reduction performance

N-doped crumpled graphene: bottom-up synthesis and its superior oxygen reduction performance

One-step synthesis of dual-transition metal substitution on ionic liquid based N-doped mesoporous carbon for oxygen reduction reaction

Nanoporous Carbon Synthesis: An Old Story with Exciting New Chapters

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