“…Due to these advantages, these nanomaterials are used in a wide range of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, diagnostics, and imaging [ [32] , [33] , [34] ]. The recent utilization of luminescent nanoparticles (ZnO, CeO 2 ) has undeniably enhanced methodological approaches for drug detection, leveraging their unique properties derived from the high stability, quantum size effect, brightness, and resistance to blinking [ 35 , 36 ].…”