Metal–Organic Framework-Based Biosensing Platforms for the Sensitive Determination of Trace Elements and Heavy Metals: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Heavy metals in food and water sources are potentially harmful to humans. Determination of these pollutants is critical for improving safety. Effective recognition systems are a contemporary challenge; several novel technologies for the quick, easy, selective, and sensitive determination of these compounds are in demand. Metal−organic framework (MOF)-based sensors and biosensors have crucial applications in identifying these potentially harmful substances. Here, we review electrochemical and optical biosensors for in situ sensing that are sensitive and cost effective, with a simple protocol and wide linear range. Despite the abundance of articles in this field, we assessed and checked out various basic features of MOFs as porous compounds that include clusters or ions, and some of the ligands connected to these clusters have a variety of useful properties. Afterward, we also assessed various electrochemical and optical sensing assays, which have recently gathered interest because of their potential applications for recognizing certain compounds in the environment. Their operation and approaches are dependent on their structures, the materials and component types used, and the substances they are targeting.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as apt luminescent probes for the detection of biochemical analytes

“…Also, these techniques must be simple to operate, rapid in response, sensitive and selective. 29 Hence, various nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, metal oxides, carbon-based nanomaterials, and polymer nanoparticles have been selectively used in this field in recent years. MOFs have received much attention due to their regular size and well-defined channel cavities.…”

“…15,23,24 MOFs possess open metal sites at their backbone that provide mimetic catalytic properties and amplify electrochemical signals that effectively improve the sensitivity of detection. 25 Recently, researchers have employed MOFs as biosensors for the detection of different components in cells such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), glutathione (GSH), 26 metal ions, [27][28][29] and cancer biomarkers (hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and ascorbic acid). [30][31][32] Also, as compared to conventional detection techniques, MOF-based biosensors have better sensing efficiency, enabling detection at fg mL À1 or even lower concentrations.…”

pH-responsive on-demand release of eugenol from metal–organic frameworks for synergistic bacterial killing

“…10 A growing number of studies have focused on the application of MOFs in fluorescent detection, gas storage, chemical catalysis, bio-sensing, drug delivery, and antibacterial activity. 11–14 MOFs have been shown to act as antibacterial agents with different mechanisms. First, MOFs can continuously release metal ions and organic ligands to afford certain antibacterial activity owing to the reversibility of their coordination bonds.…”

Photonic Interpenetrating Polymer Network Fibers Comprising Intertwined Solid-State Cholesteric Liquid Crystal and Polyelectrolyte Networks for Sensor Applications

“…The concentration levels of metal ions are frequently measured for various reasons such as environmental sampling, industrial processing, healthcare, and clinical diagnostics . Optical sensors have been developed for metal-ion detection using patterned-photonic IPN films comprising intertwined CLC solid and poly­(acrylic acid) (PAA) networks. , Particularly, the affinity of Ca 2+ to the carboxylates of the PAA network has been studied extensively as an illustration of its application as a metal-ion biosensor because Ca 2+ is a versatile messenger in cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions, and its level in blood and saliva can be utilized as health indicators. − Humidity is an important factor in various applications, such as environmental monitoring, industrial applications, agricultural applications, food processing, and laboratory applications .…”