Metal–Organic Framework-Based Fluorescent Sensors for the Detection of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds

Abstract

The surging growth of clinical and pharmaceutical medication as a consequence of population growth has become a threat to the environment. The inherent antagonistic effects of medications and their metabolized side products on a healthy society is an essential concern requiring immediate monitoring. To speculate on these environmental pollutants, a huge number of selective, sensitive, costeffective, and user-compatible metal−organic framework (MOF)-based fluorescent sensors have been reported by many prominent research groups. Many recent review articles cover the details of MOF-based florescence sensing of antibiotics, but an accumulation of MOF-based fluorometric detection of other pharmaceutical drugs is still not reported. Realizing this research gap, we have discussed most of the reported MOF sensors for various pharmaceutical drugs in this Review. The details of selectivity, sensitivity (limit of detection (LOD) and Stern−Volmer constant (K sv )), response time, and proposed mechanisms of drug sensing have been thoroughly discussed. Moreover, this article also covers the details of a few MOF-based antibiotic sensors, which have not been covered by any previous report. Therefore, this Review will provide valuable information and guidance to researchers to develop targeted fluorescent sensors for hazardous pharmaceutical drugs. Additionally, environmental science researchers can leverage this information to enhance their efforts to monitor and control environmental pollution.

Differential Fluorescent Chemosensing of Antibiotics Using a Luminescent Zn(II) Coordination Polymer Based on a 4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger’s Base Fluorophore

“…The calculated K SV values for different antibiotics from the fluorescence titration are summarized in Table 1. These values are comparable to those reported for other luminescence coordination polymer-based fluorescence sensors for antibiotics detection [60,61]. The high binding constant and sensing in a water medium make TB-Zn-CP a practically useful fluorescence sensor system for antibiotics detection.…”

“…This level of sensitivity is much lower than that reported for several other fluorescence sensors and within the allowed concentration level [60]. luminescence coordination polymer-based fluorescence sensors for antibiotics detection [60,61]. The high binding constant and sensing in a water medium make TB-Zn-CP a practically useful fluorescence sensor system for antibiotics detection.…”

An Encyclopedic Compendium on Chemosensing Supramolecular Metal‐Organic Gels

“…As documented, MOFs have been widely used in sensing applications. [103][104][105] Taking a step ahead, MOF-based aerogels/hydrogels have progressed tremendously [31] as myriad gelators are explored based on bis(amino acid) oxalyl amides, [106] carbohydrate, [107] metalloporphyrins, [108] pyridine-pyrazole [109] and calix [4]arene, [110][111][112] tetraphenylethylene moieties, [113] glycolipid [114,115] and peptides [116,117] or amino acids like tyrosine [118] or tryptophan [119] for metallogel formation. Through the manipulation of metal-ligand interactions, these gels can exhibit specific responses to target molecules similar to those represented in Figure 1B, offering a versatile platform for sensing applications.…”

Superhydrophobic nanosized metal–organic framework composites for the targeted removal of hydrophobic pharmaceuticals with outstanding bacterial anti-adhesion properties

“…2 The overuse and arbitrary disposal of these drugs resulted in more than 70% increase in their concentrations in urban wastewater. 1,3 Among the various drugs, favipiravir and diflunisal are very popular antiviral and arthritic drugs, respectively. 1,4,5 The overuse of these drugs leads to various side effects.…”