Toward global sustainable development, lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO 2) batteries not only serve as an energy-storage technology but also represent a CO 2 capture system. Since the beginning of their research in this decade, Li-CO 2 batteries have attracted growing attention. However, Li-CO 2 batteries are still in their infancy and are facing many scientific and technological challenges. From a fundamental perspective, the reaction mechanism of CO 2 cathode is not yet clear enough. Technologically, the high overpotential, low power density, poor rate capability, and limited cycle life impede the development of Li-CO 2 batteries for practical applications. Herein, the recent research progress in Li-CO 2 batteries in terms of reaction mechanisms, cathode catalyst design, electrolyte management, and anode protection are first summarized. In light of the state-of-the-art research advances, future perspectives and research directions are then put forward, aiming to provide insightful information for the development of practical Li-CO 2 batteries.