Owing to their high
theoretical capacity and reliable operational
safety, nonaqueous rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) have emerged
as a promising class of battery materials and been intensively studied
in recent years; however, a lack of suitable, high-performing positive
electrode materials, along with the need for air-sensitive and expensive
ionic liquid electrolytes, has significantly hindered the practical
use of RABs in large-scale applications. Therefore, we sought to carefully
analyze positive electrode materials and the associated electrolytes
that have been reported in these battery systems in order to stimulate
the design of the next generation of high-performance and low-cost
RABs. In this review, we have summarized the electrode materials that
have been used in both nonaqueous and aqueous RAB systems and provided
a rational classification based on the types of materials used and
their respective structures. Additionally, we have reviewed electrolytes
employed in RABs and have categorized them according to two main types
of applications, either for fixed battery systems or for use in portable
devices. A systematic account of recent developments on RABs, with
a focus on electrode materials, innovative perspectives, and impending
research efforts on future RABs, has been included. Finally, a proposed
liquid RAB system is discussed with the aim of solving issues regarding
fast-charging and long operational lifetimes, followed by insights
into solid RABs for use in both portable and multistructural RAB systems.