Metal–Organic Framework-Mediated Synthesis of One-Dimensional Nitrogen-Doped Molybdenum Carbide for the Cleavage of Lignin and Dimeric Lignin Model Compounds

Abstract

Molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C) has emerged as a remarkable catalyst for the cleavage of the aromatic carbon− oxygen (C aryl −O) and alkyl carbon−oxygen (C alkyl −O) in lignin and lignin model compounds. However, the selectivity for the target product, that is phenol, is unsatisfactory due to the secondary alkylation reactions of the primarily produced phenol with the organic solvent used. Here, we report that a onedimensional nitrogen-doped Mo 2 C catalyst (N-Mo 2 C@C) mediated from Mo-MOF via a "pyrolysis−carbothermal reduction" process shows a remarkably high selectivity toward phenol and monophenols in the valorization of aryl ethers and lignin because of its controllable phase composition and suitable valence state. The current study provides a method to develop efficient catalysts for lignin conversion into valuable chemicals.

Carbon-Based Nanocatalysts (CnCs) for Biomass Valorization and Hazardous Organics Remediation

“…One-dimensional nitrogen-doped Mo 2 C catalyst, mediated from Mo-MOF, was used in the enzymatic hydrolysis lignin depolymerization. Even in the absence of external hydrogen source, the material exhibited total monomers yield 10.1 wt.% with high selectivity toward monophenols due to Mo 2 C phase and Mo 5+ state [ 213 ].…”

Nickel Loaded on Porous Activated Carbons Derived from Waste Sugar Residue with Superior Catalytic Hydrogenolysis Performance

“…6 The catalytic cleavage of the C−O linkage in aromatic ether is a highly desired process. 7 Conversion routes including hydrogenation, oxidation, hydrogenolysis, and hydrodeoxygenation are devoted to the depolymerization of lignin. 8−12 Particularly, the hydrogenolysis is deemed to be a prospective way for both high conversion of the reaction matrix and selectivity toward aromatics.…”

“…Among them, lignin is regarded as a significant source in producing aromatic chemicals and advanced biofuels because it is rich in functional groups. , Two thirds of C–O bonds exist in lignin, including α-O-4, β-O-4, and 4-O-5 linkages . The catalytic cleavage of the C–O linkage in aromatic ether is a highly desired process . Conversion routes including hydrogenation, oxidation, hydrogenolysis, and hydrodeoxygenation are devoted to the depolymerization of lignin. − Particularly, the hydrogenolysis is deemed to be a prospective way for both high conversion of the reaction matrix and selectivity toward aromatics. , …”

Molybdenum carbide anchored on glucose-derived carbon (β-Mo2C@C) as a bifunctional catalyst for conversion of fructose to 2,5-diformylfuran

“…As described above, Mobased oxides have already been studied as bifunctional catalysts for one-pot conversion of fructose to DFF. 40,41,46,47 Another important Mo-based material, molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C), which exhibited high catalytic activities in electro-catalyzed hydrogen evolution, 55,56 cleavage of lignin, 57,58 dehydrogenation of alcohols, 59 oxidation of benzyl alcohol 60 and others, 61,62 has been neglected in selective catalytic oxidation of HMF. Encouraged by previous reports, we tried to apply molybdenum carbide as a catalyst for producing DFF.…”