Metal–Organic Framework Modified MoS₂ Nanozyme for Synergetic Combating Drug‐Resistant Bacterial Infections via Photothermal Effect and Photodynamic Modulated Peroxidase‐Mimic Activity

Abstract

Bacterial infections have become major threats to public health all over the world. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, it is urgent to develop novel antimicrobial materials to efficiently overcome drug resistance with high bactericidal activity. In this work, UiO-66-NH-CO-MoS 2 nanocomposites (UNMS NCs) are constructed through the amidation reaction. The UNMS NCs are positively charged which is beneficial for capturing and restricting bacteria. Significantly, UNMS NCs possess a synergistic bactericidal efficiency based on near-infrared irradiation (808 nm) regulated combination of photothermal, photodynamic, and peroxidase-like enzymatic activities. Both the photodynamic property and nanozymatic activity of UNMS NCs can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species. The UNMS NCs show high catalytic activity in a wide pH range and exhibit excellent antibacterial ability against ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with negligible cytotoxicity. Interestingly, due to the 808 nm irradiation-induced hyperthermia in the presence of UNMS NCs, the glutathione oxidation process can be accelerated, resulting in bacterial death more easily. Mice wound models are established to further manifest that UNMS NCs can promote wound healing with good biosafety in living systems.

Targeted delivery of quercetin by biotinylated mixed micelles for non-small cell lung cancer treatment

“…The mentioned properties confer nanomedicines the capacity to improve therapeutic efficiency and minimize off-targets effects. To enable more distribution of Que into tumor, versatile nanoplatforms have been developed to improve its solubility in water, bioavailability, and tumor-targeting ability (Liao et al., 2021 ). For example, Que-loaded nanomicelles assembled from DSPE-PEG showed superior antitumor efficacy with decreased tumor proliferation rate compared to free Que in the PC-3 xenograft mouse model (Zhao et al., 2016 ).…”

Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Bacterial Biofilms

“…Nanozyme enhanced aPDT exploits the incorporation of nanozymes into the photosensitizer-laden nanoconjugate. The nanozyme catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide, which is almost always present in high concentrations in the bacterial biofilm micro-environment, to hydroxyl radicals, adding to the concentration of reactive oxygen species that are produced by the photosensitizer-mediated production of singlet oxygen [ 163 , 164 ]. The ingenious approach of fabricating the nanozyme from the photosensitizer results in a common nanozyme and photosensitizer nanostructured material as shown in Figure 3 .…”

“…Metal-organic-frameworks are emerging as formidable materials with a wide range of applications including direct applications as nanozymes [ 166 ]. An indirect application of metal-organic frameworks as nanozymes incorporating nanozyme activity-possessing molybdenum disulfide nanosheets was reported as part of a triple combination therapy involving photothermal, photodynamic and nanozyme peroxidase-like activity against ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [ 164 ]. The UiO-66-NH-CO-MoS 2 nanocomposite used in this study was constructed by conjugation of the amino-functionalized zirconium metal-organic-framework UiO-66 with the molybdenum disulfide carboxylic acid adduct using the amide bond formation reaction.…”

“…Therefore, in addition to their well-known microbial cell eradication [ 168 ], nanozymes are reported to play the role of increasing reactive oxygen species to enhance PDT eradication of planktonic and biofilm-forming bacteria and fungi. While no clinical trials and clinical case studies have been reported so far, successes in pre-clinical studies with mice suggest that the nanozyme enhanced aPDT strategy may be well on its way to clinical applications [ 163 , 164 ].…”

Application of Metal–Organic Framework in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes

“…MOFs are able to combine the inherent physical and chemical properties of inorganic and organic photonic units, allowing the realization of good photonic functional applications [ 175 , 177 , 178 , 179 ]. Under the excitation of near-infrared light, the structure of MOFs facilitates the rapid transfer and separation of photogenerated electrons and holes and promotes the efficient utilization of electrons [ 180 ]. In addition, the pores inside MOFs can also act as photonic units to encapsulate a large number of guest species, which is beneficial to fully understanding the mechanism of the energy transfer process within the framework [ 16 ].…”