Metal–Organic Frameworks as Key Materials for Solid-Phase Microextraction Devices—A Review

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted recently considerable attention in analytical sample preparation, particularly when used as novel sorbent materials in solid-phase microextraction (SPME). MOFs are highly ordered porous crystalline structures, full of cavities. They are formed by inorganic centers (metal ion atoms or metal clusters) and organic linkers connected by covalent coordination bonds. Depending on the ratio of such precursors and the synthetic conditions, the characteristics of the resulting MOF vary significantly, thus drifting into a countless number of interesting materials with unique properties. Among astonishing features of MOFs, their high chemical and thermal stability, easy tuneability, simple synthesis, and impressive surface area (which is the highest known), are the most attractive characteristics that makes them outstanding materials in SPME. This review offers an overview on the current state of the use of MOFs in different SPME configurations, in all cases covering extraction devices coated with (or incorporating) MOFs, with particular emphases in their preparation.

Mixed Functionalization of Organic Ligands in UiO-66: A Tool to Design Metal–Organic Frameworks for Tailored Microextraction

“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are having enormous success as novel sorbent materials in analytical solid-phase extraction (SPE) approaches, particularly when performing in dispersive and miniaturized modes (D-µSPE) [1,2,3,4,5]. The synergies of MOFs’ features, such as their impressive surface area, synthetic tuneability, and chemical stability [6,7], and those of D-µSPE, such as method simplicity and a high efficiency [8,9], are among the reasons justifying the high number of recent studies in the field.…”

“…A step forward in ensuring the true expansion of MOFs as competitive materials for D-µSPE requires not only the assurance of a better performance than that resulting from commercial materials (exhaustive comparison and inter-laboratory validation) [5,10], but also deep evaluation of the main factors of MOFs justifying the improved analytical performance for target compounds [11,12]. Gaining an understanding of the process can serve as the basis of proper MOF design.…”

Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples

“…Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are also promising sorbents for SPME coatings [107,121]. A wide variety of MOF materials, such as HKUST-1 [122], MOF-199 [123], ZIF-8 [124], TMU-6 (Tarbiat Modares University) prepared from N 1 ,N 4 -bis((pyridin-4-yl)methylene)-benzene-1,4-diamine and 4,4 -oxybisbenzoic acid) [125], MOF-177 prepared from zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-benzene [126], UiO-6 (University of Oslo) prepared from zirconium chloride and terephthalic acid [127], an ytterbium based MOF prepared from aminoisophthalic acid and 2,2'-bipyridine [128], as well as bio-MOF-1 prepared from 4,4'-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid (BPDC), zinc acetate dihydrate and adenine [129].…”

Recent Applications and Newly Developed Strategies of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Contaminant Analysis: Through the Environment to Humans

“…Porous materials are attracting the attention of the scientific community in numerous scientific fields due to their properties and different possible uses. In this connection, also in the development of SPME coatings these so-called advanced porous materials and cavitands find space, and their use for the analysis of pollutants in the air constitutes a robust line of research still growing [16]. In particular, interesting articles have recently been published on the development of new coatings based on materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and their application in air analysis.…”