“…Various conductive nanomaterials and their composites, such as reduced graphene oxide, 32,33 multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 34,35 metal-organic frameworks, 36,37 metal oxides, 38,39 MXenes, 40,41 and layered double hydroxides, 42 have been employed for nitrite detection to obtain a better current response than conventional electrodes. All these types of nanomaterials can be composited with conductive polymers, e.g., poly (3,4dioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), 43,44 polypyrrole, 45 polythiophene, 46 and polyaniline, 47,48 to enhance electrode conductivity. Moreover, gold nanorods (AuNRs), as a type of gold nanoparticle, have been widely employed as modiers in electrochemical sensing platforms due to their good biocompatibility, 49,50 high surface area, 51,52 and fast electron transfer ability, 53,54 which could provide efficient mass transport properties to the electrode surface.…”