Metal-release potential from iron corrosion scales under stagnant and active flow, and varying water quality conditions

Li, Manjie; Wang, Yuhui; Liu, Zhaowei; Yan, Sha; Korshin, Gregory V.; Chen, Yongcan

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115675

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…However, only long periods of stagnation (>8 h) may cause considerable risk and risk associated with overnight stagnation is considerably low. According to previous researches, water quality factors such as chloride, dissolved organic matter and pH would affect the stability of Fe in the pipeline [43][44][45]. Their studies disclosed that chloride was deemed to increase Fe concentration in DWDS.…”

Section: Variation Of Water Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of indoor heating and overnight stagnation on tap water: Dynamics in water quality, biomass, bio-activity and bacterial community structure

Zhang

Liu²,

Ma³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The drinking water distribution system is an important link with water supply system and it affects the quality of the drinking water. Indoor pipeline water quality is regulated by physical, hydraulic and biological elements, such as indoor temperature and stagnation. In this study, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and flow cytometry were used to assess the indoor heating and overnight stagnation on the variation in bacterial community structure and the Intact cell count. The results exhibited that the average intact cell count was 6.99 × 104 cells/mL and the low nucleic acid (LNA) bacteria was 4.48 × 104 cells/mL after stagnation. The average concentration of total and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was 3.64 × 10-12 gATP/mL and 3.13 × 10-17 gATP/cell in stagnant water, respectively. The growth of LNA cells played a crucial role in increasing ATP. The dominant phylum was Proteobacteria with average abundance of 87.21%, followed by Actinobacteria (8.25%). Pseudomonas sp. and Mycobacterium sp. increased 1.2-fold and 5.8-fold in stagnant water. Structural equation model and redundancy analysis illustrated that temperature, residual chlorine and Fe concentration significantly affected bacterial count and bacterial community. Taking together, these results show responses of drinking water quality to overnight stagnation and indoor heating, and provide scientific basis for drinking water security management.

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Section: Variation Of Water Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of indoor heating and overnight stagnation on tap water: Dynamics in water quality, biomass, bio-activity and bacterial community structure

Zhang

Liu²,

Ma³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The effects of stagnation on corrosion have been shown to vary with metal ions released (e.g., iron versus copper) and water chemistry (i.e., pH, temperature, alkalinity, chloride, and sulfate) (Li et al 2020, Zlatanovic et al 2017, Boulay & Edwards 2001. This suggests that extreme changes in water age, such as during periods of social distancing or shutdowns, could substantially affect water quality.…”

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Consider How Social Distancing Policies Can Affect Drinking Water Infrastructure Performance

Faust¹,

Katz²,

Kirisits³

et al. 2021

Journal AWWA

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I n response to the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing policies (SDPs) have been implemented in communities worldwide. By design, these policies have caused massive changes in our behavior as families shelter at home and industry and commerce pause or reduce operations. These changes have altered water consumption patterns, and in some cases they have likely degraded the drinking water quality in distribution systems. Although some drinking water utilities have the resources to discover and mitigate any potential negative effects, many do not have the capacity to implement testing protocols beyond regulatory requirements. SDPs and Water Quality Drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are designed for a given range of operational conditions (Faust & Kaminsky 2018). However, a DWDS might be operating outside of those design conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic because SDPs are driving significant changes in water use. Although residential water demand is expected to increase when SDPs are in force, this might be offset by a sharp decrease in nonresidential water consumption, which typically accounts for more than half of all water consumption. Such changes in water use create zones with reduced flow/velocity, water stagnation, and increased water age. Increased water age can result in decreased disinfectant residuals (Wang et al. 2012) and conditions that promote growth of microorganisms, such as pathogenic Legionella spp. (Waak et al. 2018). Proactive monitoring in a DWDS could be used to trigger operational changes to mitigate these consequences. However, some utilities might not have the financial, workforce, or instrumentation resources needed to monitor in real time and beyond regulatory requirements. The following guidance outlines ways in which SDPs could affect water infrastructure and provides some suggestions for monitoring DWDSs. This discussion is intended primarily to aid resource-limited utilities that are responding to substantial changes in water use caused Layout imagery by Michael Vi/Shutterstock.com

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“…Chloride and sulfate have been observed to have relatively complex effects on the release of heavy metals. Some studies have demonstrated that an increase in sulfate and chloride concentrations increases heavy metal release from corrosion scales (Hu et al, 2018;Li et al, 2020b;Peng et al, 2013). While inconsistent results were reported by Lytle et al (2020), suggesting that the effect of sulfate and chloride on metal release behaviors depend on conditions or multiple factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Heavy metals can accumulate in corrosion scales and under certain conditions be released into drinking water, signi cantly reducing water quality (Gerke et al, 2016;Li et al, 2020b;Liu et al, 2019;Peng and Korshin, 2011;Peng et al, 2010). Although the concentration of metallic pollutants in drinking water are generally below the limits speci ed by guidelines, gradual accumulation and release from corrosion scales can signi cantly increase concentrations of heavy metals in drinking water, with reportedly reaching ten-fold (Li et al, 2019a;Li et al, 2020b). Subsequently, major health risks and aesthetic issues may occur (Liu et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cr(VI) and Cr(III) Release From Different Layers of Cast Iron Corrosion Scales in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: The Impact of pH, Temperature, Sulfate, and Chloride

Tian

Shen

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Chromium accumulated from source water and pipeline lining materials in corrosion scales could potentially be released into bulk water in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Chromium behaviors between corrosion scale phase and the surrounding water phase vary spatially in different layers and temporally in different DWDS running periods. In this study, corrosion scales sampled from actual DWDS were first characterized by SEM, XRD, XRF, and the modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure. Then scales were divided into the outer and inner layers for subsequent analysis. Static accumulation and release experiments were performed with Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on two distinct scale layers to systematically assess the influence of pH, temperature, sulfate, and chloride. The release behaviors of Cr(VI) under the co-effect of multiple factors were investigated in orthogonal experiments. Results showed that in the outer and inner layers of corrosion scales, chromium exhibited differences in accumulation and release behaviors, with the outer layer accumulating less and releasing more. The mechanisms of chromium retention based on different iron (oxyhydr)oxides were discussed.

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Metal-release potential from iron corrosion scales under stagnant and active flow, and varying water quality conditions

Cited by 40 publications

References 53 publications

Impact of indoor heating and overnight stagnation on tap water: Dynamics in water quality, biomass, bio-activity and bacterial community structure

Impact of indoor heating and overnight stagnation on tap water: Dynamics in water quality, biomass, bio-activity and bacterial community structure

Consider How Social Distancing Policies Can Affect Drinking Water Infrastructure Performance

Cr(VI) and Cr(III) Release From Different Layers of Cast Iron Corrosion Scales in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: The Impact of pH, Temperature, Sulfate, and Chloride

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