Metallic electromigration phenomena

Krumbein, S.

doi:10.1109/33.2957

Cited by 137 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Electrochemical migration (ECM) effects are well described not only in early literature [1][2][3] which differentiates between metallic electromigration and wet and humid electrolytic electromigration. ECM is characterized by the movement of metal ions between metal conductors, to form dendrites.…”

Section: Initial Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on electrochemical effects in external capacitor packages

Preu

Feilmeier

Lang

et al. 2014

Microelectronics Reliability

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Section: Initial Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on electrochemical effects in external capacitor packages

Preu

Feilmeier

Lang

et al. 2014

Microelectronics Reliability

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“…After the dc experiment, silver droplets were observed at the surface where the van der Pauw conductivity was measured but not on the opposite face, indicating the possibility of silver migration during the measurement. The phenomenon of electromigration, the migration of silver through a non-conductive surface, is known, 29 while the migration of ionic silver from metallic silver under a strong electric field has been reported in glass 30 and even in ScSZ. 31 In the latter study, a change in color from white to orange indicated the presence of silver mobility according to the authors but in the composites Ag-ScSZ no traces of orange color were observed.…”

Section: Conductivity and Permeation-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Reduction, Transport and Separation in Low Silver Content Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia Composites

Ruiz‐Trejo¹,

Bertei²,

Maserati³

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Dense composites of silver and Sc-stabilized ZrO 2 (Ag-ScSZ) are manufactured from ScSZ sub-micrometric particles coated with silver using Tollens' reagent. A composite with 8.6 vol % of silver exhibits metallic conductivity of 186 S cm −1 and oxygen flux of 0.014 μmol cm −2 s −1 at 600 • C for a 1-mm thick membrane when used as a pressure-driven separation membrane between air and argon. To gain insight into the role of oxygen transport in Ag and ScSZ, a dense non-percolating sample (Ag 4.7 vol%) is analyzed by impedance spectroscopy and the transport of oxygen through both phases is modelled. Oxygen transport takes place in both silver and ScSZ but it is still dominated by transport in the ionic conductor and therefore a large volume fraction of the ion conductor is beneficial for the separation. The oxygen transport in the silver clusters inside the composite is dominated by diffusion of neutral species and not by the charge transfer reaction at the interface between ScSZ and Ag, yet small silver particles on the surface improve the reduction of oxygen. Oxygen reduction is highly promoted by silver on the surface and there are no limitations of charge transfer at the interface between silver and ScSZ. The capability of metallic silver to reduce oxygen has been long known and recorded since Lucas reported it to Dalton as early as 1818 1 but better understood and quantified over the last 50 years. 2,3This particular capability of silver can be exploited to incorporate oxygen into a solid system, be it a solid oxide fuel cell cathode 4 or an oxygen separation membrane. 5 Oxygen can be separated from air using a double phase membrane with an oxygen-ion conductor, e.g. scandia stabilized zirconia, and an electronic conductor, such as silver, that acts as a very efficient oxygen reducing agent. Scandia stabilized zirconia is known to have higher conductivity than yttria stabilized zirconia since it was first reported in 1900 by Nernst 6 but identified as an oxygen ion conductor by Wagner 7 several decades later. The use of double-phase metal ceramic composites to separate oxygen from air was first described by Mazanec, 8 who mixed Pd or Pt with YSZ and used the composite to drive chemical reactions. Although feasible, this approach normally requires large amounts of expensive metal to achieve percolation, ranging from 30 to 50 vol %, so that composite membranes cannot compete with the high oxygen flux reported in single phase perovskites, such as those reported by Teraoka 9 in 1985. To date, most of the research in high temperature oxygen separation is still performed in mixed ionic electronic conductive perovskites ABO 3 , where A is one or more lanthanides and/or alkaline earths and B one or more transition metal oxides, for example Nonetheless, these materials have two persistent problems: the high operating temperatures (>800 • C) and the unsatisfactory chemical and mechanical stability in operating conditions. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the material affects both the stability and the oxygen sepa...

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“…Silver migration in such specimens may thus be very similar to that discussed in many studies on the failure of microcircuits, where a voltage between silver electrodes on insulating substrates caused drastic resistance changes under humid conditions. Those changes were mostly explained by aqueous surface layers, allowing anodic dissolution and cathodic deposition of Ag + and thus enabling Ag dendrite growth [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance variation in donor-doped PZT stacks with Cu inner electrodes under high field stress

Völkl¹,

Hillebrand²,

Fleig³

2011

J Electroceram

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Changes of the resistance of donor-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) under high voltages were investigated at temperatures from 350 to 500°C in different gas atmospheres. Measurements on individual ceramic layers (about 75 μm thickness) of PZT multilayer stacks with Cu inner electrodes allowed numerous experiments on nominally identical PZT material. Under high fields, the conductivity decreased significantly on time scales much longer than needed for capacitor charging. At 350°C, for example, decay times of several 1000 s were found. The time constant of this conductivity decay depends exponentially on temperature with activation energies of about 1.3 eV in air. After interrupting the field stress, thermally activated (ca. 1.1 eV) relaxation of the conductivity was found on an even longer time scale. The results are interpreted in terms of oxygen vacancy motion under high fields (stoichiometry polarization) and diffusive relaxation. The importance of oxygen migration despite donor doping is attributed to the high PbO volatility of PZT which readily leads to significant oxygen deficiency. Oxygen diffusion coefficients are estimated.

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Metallic electromigration phenomena

Cited by 137 publications

References 35 publications

A study on electrochemical effects in external capacitor packages

A study on electrochemical effects in external capacitor packages

Oxygen Reduction, Transport and Separation in Low Silver Content Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia Composites

Resistance variation in donor-doped PZT stacks with Cu inner electrodes under high field stress

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