Metallic Free Carbon Nanotube Cluster Modified Screen Printed Electrodes for the Sensing of Nicotine in Artificial Saliva

Abstract

We demonstrate that metallic free carbon nanotube cluster modified screen printed electrodes provide an advantageous sensing methodology for nicotine. The electrochemical oxidation of nicotine is possible at low potentials compared to other commercially available carbon electrodes. Using the carbon nanotube cluster modified screen printed electrodes a detection range of 10 to 1000 mM is possible with a limit of detection of 2 mM. The sensing protocol is shown to be viable in artificial saliva and is promising as a portable and rapid sensor for nicotine in oral fluid (saliva) in areas such as health/life insurance, instances where smoking is banned and also as a point of care test to help improve smoking quit rates.

Voltammetric Determination of Nicotine at Poly(4‐Amino‐3‐Hydroxynaphthalene Sulfonic Acid)‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

“…To date, different analytical methods including chromatographic [9][10][11][12][13][14], spectrophotometric [15][16][17] and electrochemical [1,[18][19][20][21] have been adapted for the determination of NIC in samples of various origin. Although chromatographic methods such as gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are the most commonly used, these techniques demand expensive mobile phase solvents, equipments, well-trained personnels and long analysis times [8].…”

Rapid electrochemical platform for nicotine sensing in cigarettes and chewing gums

“…Levent et al (2009) described a method for the determination of nicotine using pencil graphite electrode in the presence of anionic surfactant with LOD of 2.0 × 10 -6 mol·L -1 . In recent years, several electrochemical biosensors were constructed for determination of nicotine (Campanella et al, 2001;Highton et al, 2009). The lowest LOD of 5.5 × 10 -11 mol·L -1 with wide linear concentration range from 1.8 × 10 -10 to 1.0 × 10 -3 mol·L -1 were obtained by a sensor based on an interaction of bovine serum albumine with nicotine (Liang et al, 2012).…”

Voltammetric determination of nicotine in cigarette tobacco at electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode

“…It has been reported that over 4000 compounds exist in tobacco smoke with at least 50 known to be carcinogenic [11,12] and more than 20 different alkaloids are found in tobacco and processed tobacco products [13]. Nicotine, (S)3-(1-methyl pyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine (Scheme 1), is the most abundant of the volatile alkaloids in tobacco.…”

“…A pencil graphite based electrode has also been utilized for a voltammetric analysis of nicotine in the presence of anionic surfactant [10]. Among few studies involving nanotubes, carbon nanotube cluster modified screen printed electrode [11], and glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube [21] and multi-walled carbon nanotubes-alumina-coated silica nanocomposite [22] were reported as electrochemical nicotine sensors. Recently, the electrochemical oxidation and its analytical determination of nicotine at a new conducting polymer modified electrode was demonstrated [23].…”